Systemic absorption of epinephrine compared between the intranasal and intramuscular routes of administration in healthy adults.

Background: Epinephrine 5 mg administered via the intranasal (IN) route was shown to be bioequivalent to epinephrine 0.3 mg administered via the intramuscular (IM) route in our preliminary study.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IN and IM epinephrine absorption in a larger group of healthy adults (n = 12).