Fluorescent probe to quantify lipid-derived electrophiles in edible oils.

In the presence of molecular oxygen, edible oils can be oxidized to form a multitude of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl products collectively called 'lipid-derived electrophiles'. These molecules affect the taste of fat-containing foods but also act as electrophiles by covalently binding to protein amines/thiols and DNA nucleotides. The chemical modification of proteins by lipid-derived electrophiles appears to play an important role in human health, but the quantification of this diverse class of compounds remains a challenge.

A visual representation of the hand in the resting somatomotor regions of the human brain.

Hand visibility affects motor control, perception, and attention, as visual information is integrated into an internal model of somatomotor control. Spontaneous brain activity, i.e.

A Comprehensive Review of the Situation of Visceral Leishmaniasis Vectors in Iran.

Background: This study's major aim is to investigate the situation of visceral leishmaniasis vectors, with a focus on their distribution and relationships to the disease in Iran and some other old-world nations.

Methods: The terms Iran and the Old World, along with the keywords sand flies, vectors, visceral leishmaniasis, distribution, and , were searched in electronic databases from 1930 to 2018, including Pub-Med, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE.

Results: According to the findings, was a mountain species, but it was also found in the plains, rodent nests, and rock crevices.

Preliminary Analysis of Methamphetamine Detection in (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Reared in Methamphetamine-Treated Meat at Various Developmental Stages.

Background: It is possible to identify drugs and poisons present in cadavers by analyzing blowfly larvae and pupae collected during forensic autopsies. The main purpose of this study was to use larvae and pupae to identify drugs and poisons present in human cadavers.

Methods: In an investigation, immature fed meat treated with methamphetamine (MA) at various concentrations (45, 90, and 180 ng/mg) were analyzed to detect MA.

Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungus on Different Stages of (Diptera: Psychodidae), Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major public health problem in Iran with the main vector of . The use of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of the vector is a potential substitute for the current methods which are being used. The purpose of the current study was to assess the virulence of two local isolates of (OZ and TV) against .

First Report of Natural Infection of to and in the Endemic Foci of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.

Background: The primary aim of this study is to determine infection to parasites in the wild population of and using molecular methods in some important zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in Iran.

Methods: Sand flies were collected from active colonies of rodent burrows from 16 trapping sites using sticky trap paper. In order to detect and identify of parasites in females and the Nested-PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed to generate amplicon with 245bp for , 206bp for and 141bp for .

PCR Positivity of Gerbils and Their Ectoparasites for Spp. in a Hyperendemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Iran.

Background: Various arthropods, including and have been suggested as secondary vectors of spp. many years ago. This study was conducted to determine zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) PCR positivity of reservoir hosts and their ectoparasites for spp.

Molecular and Biochemical Detection of Insecticide Resistance in the Leishmania Vector, Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Pyrethroids, in Central Iran.

The aim of the present study was to explore resistance markers and possible biochemical resistance mechanisms in the Phlebotomine sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi in Esfahan Province, central Iran. Homogenous resistant strains of sand flies were obtained by exposing P. papatasi collected from Esfahan to a single diagnostic dose of DDT.

Diversity of Hard Tick Populations and Their Geographical Variations in Northwestern Iran.

Background: Ticks are forced vertebrate ectoparasites, including humans, and are vectors of serious diseases such as Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Relapsing Fever, and various forms of encephalitis. Spatial assessment of the prevalence of ticks and detection of high risk areas for tick-borne disease transmission and evaluation of ecological measures are key aims of this research.

Methods: Ticks were collected using standard methods from 27 villages in the region of Sarab County in north-eastern Iran during the four seasons of 2018-2019 and identified using valid keys.

Evaluation of Susceptibility Status of , the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Different WHO Recommended Insecticides in an Endemic Focus, Central Iran.

Background: Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO's global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Province, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO.

A Feasibility Study on Using the Facilities of Health Centers for Developing a Laboratory Network on Vectors and Reservoir Hosts of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an ancient endemic disease in Iran and continues to be a growing health threat to community development and the environment. This paper explains how to use the facilities of health centers for developing a laboratory network on vectors and reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.

Methods: A literature search was performed of the relevant multiple databases to include studies on vectors and reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.

Comparative Testing of Susceptibility Levels of Phlebotomus sergenti, the Main Vector of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, to Conventional Insecticides Using Two Capture Methods in Kerman City, Southeastern Iran.

Background: Collecting live sand flies from indoor sites is a major challenge for researchers in large cities due to the reluctance of families to survey their homes. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of two methods for collecting sand flies for use in susceptibility tests in the urban area of Kerman, southeastern Iran.

Methods: Sandflies were mainly collected using both baited traps and hand catch methods from outdoor and indoor sites.

Efficiency of Two Capture Methods Providing Live Sand Flies and Assessment the Susceptibility Status of (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Lorestan Province, Western Iran.

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of two capture methods for providing live sandflies used for determining the susceptibility level of , the main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lorestan Province, west of Iran.

Methods: The sand flies were collected from indoor and outdoor by hand-catch and baited traps during the peak of seasonal activity. The susceptibility level of sand flies was assessed using insecticide-impregnated papers against DDT 4%, bendiocarb 0.

Climate change and its effect on the vulnerability to zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is an important vector-borne disease with an incidence of 15.8 cases per 100,000 people in Iran in 2019. Despite all efforts to control the disease, ZCL has expanded into new areas during the last decades.

An Eco-Epidemiological Study on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Iran.

Background: Leishmaniasis is an expanding neglected tropical disease in the world reporting from 98 countries including Iran. This study focused on eco-epidemiological determinants of the disease following a rapid and unexpected increase of leishmaniasis incidence in a strategic residential district in North-East of Isfahan County, Iran.

Methods: This study was accomplished from Apr 2012 to Jan 2014 in a strategic residential zone in North-East of Isfahan County, Esfahan, Iran.

Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Wild Population of and Collected from Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Foci in Northwestern Iran.

Background: and sand flies are the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of and , collected from an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the northwest of Iran, to different selected insecticides.

Methods: Sand flies were collected from the villages of Meshkinshahr and Germi Counties using light traps and aspirators from May to October 2019.

Evaluation of Different Attractive Traps for Capturing Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an Endemic Area of Leishmaniasis, Southeast of Iran.

Background: The attraction of phlebotomine sand flies to plant and animal hosts is due to the produced chemical compounds, affecting the olfactory receptors of the insects. Therefore, novel and effective methods, such as Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) and Attractive Toxic Baits (ATB), are based on the effective materials that attract sand flies toward the host. The present study was designed to identify the attractive materials in plants and animals for using in ATSB and ATB.

Monitoring of Laboratory Reared of (Diptera: Psychodidae), Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis to Different Imagicides in Hyper endemic Areas, Esfahan Province, Iran.

Background: In domestic and per domestic area, insecticides such as DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and, more recently, synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, have been successfully used to control sand flies in many countries. The present study reports the results of time-mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.

Epidemiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis with Emphasis on the Dynamic Activity of Sand Flies in an Important Endemic Focus of Disease in Northwestern Iran.

Background: Leishmaniasis diseases are known to be one of the most important public health problems in World and Iran. Visceral leishmaniasis is considered to be the most serious form and transmitted by sand flies species. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic activities of sandflies in northwestern Iran.

Molecular Identification of Species in (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Western Iran.

Background: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are common in some areas of Iran and consider as health problems. has been incriminated as a suspected vector for the both form of leishmaniasis.

Methods: This study was carried out in 4 western provinces of Iran.

Human immune response to salivary gland antigens in a leishmaniasis-endemic focus in Iran.

Unlabelled: Salivary proteins specific antibodies have been shown to be useful biomarkers of exposure to sand fly bites. This study aimed to investigate the level, duration, and dynamics of the human immune response against the SGL of  Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae), and to assess the immunoreactivity of human sera with SGL components in an endemic area of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Iran. The study was carried out in 2-phase; longitudinal and cross-sectional.