First indisputable fossil Ilex (Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae) flower found in Baltic amber.

The genus Ilex (holly) in the monotypic family Aquifoliaceae contains more than 600 species distributed worldwide. Pollen fossils and macrofossils of fruits of Ilex are known from the late Cretaceous (90 Ma) and verified leaves from the upper Miocene (10 Ma), but until now only a few more or less incomplete flower fossils have been suggested as referable to this genus. This paper reviews the fossil flowers earlier attributed to Ilex and presents a complete and indisputable staminate Ilex flower from Baltic amber (34-38 Ma) examined in detail with synchrotron X-ray tomography.

Using AI to Identify Unremarkable Chest Radiographs for Automatic Reporting.

Background Radiology practices have a high volume of unremarkable chest radiographs and artificial intelligence (AI) could possibly improve workflow by providing an automatic report. Purpose To estimate the proportion of unremarkable chest radiographs, where AI can correctly exclude pathology (ie, specificity) without increasing diagnostic errors. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, consecutive chest radiographs in unique adult patients (≥18 years of age) were obtained January 1-12, 2020, at four Danish hospitals.

DCE-CT parameters as new functional imaging biomarkers at baseline and during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with lung cancer - a feasibility study.

Background: With the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the need for new functional imaging techniques and early response assessments has increased to account for new response patterns and the high cost of treatment. The present study was designed to assess the prognostic impact of dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) on survival outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Methods: Thirty-three patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors were prospectively enrolled for DCE-CT as part of their follow-up.

Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica and incident idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and pulmonary sarcoidosis: a national prospective follow-up study.

Background: Respirable crystalline silica is a well-known cause of silicosis but may also be associated with other types of interstitial lung disease. We examined the associations between occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica and the risk of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, pulmonary sarcoidosis and silicosis.

Methods: The total Danish working population was followed 1977-2015.

Risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other interstitial lung diseases following organic dust exposure.

Background: Organic dust is associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and associations with other types of interstitial lung disease (ILD) have been suggested. We examined the association between occupational organic dust exposure and hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs in a cohort study.

Methods: The study population included all residents of Denmark born in 1956 or later with at least 1 year of gainful employment since 1976.

The asbestos-asbestosis exposure-response relationship: a cohort study of the general working population.

Objectives: The association between asbestos exposure and asbestosis in high-exposed industrial cohorts is well-known, but there is a lack of knowledge about the exposure-response relationship for asbestosis in a general working population setting. We examined the exposure-response relationship between occupational asbestos exposure and asbestosis in asbestos-exposed workers of the Danish general working population.

Methods: We followed all asbestos-exposed workers from 1979 to 2015 and identified incident cases of asbestosis using the Danish National Patient Register.

Expression of genes and enzymes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis in relation to human follicular development.

Introduction: Granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells (TCs) play a pivotal role in human ovarian steroidogenesis, facilitating the conversion of cholesterol into sex steroids that regulate normal reproductive function. This study aims to explore the expression patterns of key enzymes that govern human ovarian steroidogenesis throughout follicle development, employing both genomic and immunological methodologies.

Methods: Follicles and GCs obtained from women undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) and fertilisation treatment were utilized.

Commercially Available Chest Radiograph AI Tools for Detecting Airspace Disease, Pneumothorax, and Pleural Effusion.

Background Commercially available artificial intelligence (AI) tools can assist radiologists in interpreting chest radiographs, but their real-life diagnostic accuracy remains unclear. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of four commercially available AI tools for detection of airspace disease, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion on chest radiographs. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included consecutive adult patients who underwent chest radiography at one of four Danish hospitals in January 2020.

Late adverse events to iodinated contrast media in patients treated with IL-2: a safety report from the Danish Renal Carcinoma Group (DaRenCa) study - 1.

Background: A higher incidence of late adverse events (LAEs) to iodinated contrast media in interleukin-2 (IL-2)-treated patients has been reported.

Purpose: To assess the incidence of LAEs after administration of iodinated contrast media in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with IL-2.

Material And Methods: Patients were randomized to treatment with IL-2 and interferon-α with/without bevacizumab in the Danish Renal Carcinoma Group study - 1.

Association between Parenchymal B-Cell Follicles and CT-Proven Enlarged Mediastinal Lymph Nodes in Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Background: Mediastinal lymph node enlargement (MLNE) is a finding described in a subset of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and is associated with accelerated disease progression and increased mortality. The cause of MLNE is still not known. Our hypothesis is that there is an association between MLNE and B-cell follicles in lung tissue, another aspect detectable in the lung tissue of patients with IPF and other ILDs.

Autonomous Chest Radiograph Reporting Using AI: Estimation of Clinical Impact.

Background Automated interpretation of normal chest radiographs could alleviate the workload of radiologists. However, the performance of such an artificial intelligence (AI) tool compared with clinical radiology reports has not been established. Purpose To perform an external evaluation of a commercially available AI tool for the number of chest radiographs autonomously reported, the sensitivity for AI detection of abnormal chest radiographs, and the performance of AI compared with that of the clinical radiology reports.

Potential impact of texture analysis in contrast enhanced CT in non-small cell lung cancer as a marker of survival: A retrospective feasibility study.

The objective of this feasibility study was to assess computed tomography (CT) texture analysis (CTTA) of pulmonary lesions as a predictor of overall survival in patients with suspected lung cancer on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). In a retrospective pilot study, 94 patients (52 men and 42 women; mean age, 67.2 ± 10.

Contribution of Methanesulfonic Acid to the Formation of Molecular Clusters in the Marine Atmosphere.

Because of the lack of long-term measurements, new particle formation (NPF) in the marine atmosphere remains puzzling. Using quantum chemical methods, this study elucidates the cluster formation and further growth of sulfuric acid-methanesulfonic acid-dimethylamine (SA-MSA-DMA) clusters, relevant to NPF in the marine atmosphere. The cluster structures and thermochemical parameters of (SA)(MSA)(DMA) ( + ≤ 4 and ≤ 4) systems are calculated using density functional theory at the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, and the single-point energies are calculated using high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations.

Changing genetic architecture of body mass index from infancy to early adulthood: an individual based pooled analysis of 25 twin cohorts.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) shows strong continuity over childhood and adolescence and high childhood BMI is the strongest predictor of adult obesity. Genetic factors strongly contribute to this continuity, but it is still poorly known how their contribution changes over childhood and adolescence. Thus, we used the genetic twin design to estimate the genetic correlations of BMI from infancy to adulthood and compared them to the genetic correlations of height.

Smoking remains associated with education after controlling for social background and genetic factors in a study of 18 twin cohorts.

We tested the causality between education and smoking using the natural experiment of discordant twin pairs allowing to optimally control for background genetic and childhood social factors. Data from 18 cohorts including 10,527 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for education and smoking were analyzed by linear fixed effects regression models. Within twin pairs, education levels were lower among the currently smoking than among the never smoking co-twins and this education difference was larger within DZ than MZ pairs.

Assessment of Correlation between Dual-Energy Ct (De-Ct)-Derived Iodine Concentration and Local Flourodeoxyglucose (Fdg) Uptake in Patients with Primary Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

(1) The current literature contains several studies investigating the correlation between dual-energy-derived iodine concentration (IC) and positron emission tomography (PET)-derived Flourodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In previously published studies, either the entire tumor volume or a region of interest containing the maximum IC or 18F-FDG was assessed. However, the results have been inconsistent.

Comparison of Intracranial and Extracranial Carotid Artery Calcifications between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Combined Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Polysomnographic Study.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the presence and grades of intra- and extracranial carotid artery calcifications between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non-OSA patients.

Methods: CBCT records of 190 patients (95 OSA patients and 95 non-OSA patients) were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Patient demographic data, including age and gender for both study groups and body mass index (BMI), and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) for OSA patients were recorded.

Experiences of nurses and coordinators in a childhood obesity prevention trial based on motivational interviewing within Swedish child health services.

Purpose: To explore the experiences of nurses and coordinators in the PRIMROSE childhood obesity prevention trial, and to understand the factors that might help to improve the outcome of future primary prevention of obesity.

Methods: Using a qualitative approach, data were obtained by interviewing nine intervention nurses and three regional study coordinators. All participants were female.

AI-based automatic segmentation of craniomaxillofacial anatomy from CBCT scans for automatic detection of pharyngeal airway evaluations in OSA patients.

This study aims to generate and also validate an automatic detection algorithm for pharyngeal airway on CBCT data using an AI software (Diagnocat) which will procure a measurement method. The second aim is to validate the newly developed artificial intelligence system in comparison to commercially available software for 3D CBCT evaluation. A Convolutional Neural Network-based machine learning algorithm was used for the segmentation of the pharyngeal airways in OSA and non-OSA patients.

Early reduction in spectral dual-layer detector CT parameters as favorable imaging biomarkers in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Objectives: To associate the early change in DL-CT parameters and HU with survival outcomes and treatment response in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

Methods: DL-CT scans were performed at baseline and after 1 month of checkpoint immunotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Scans were reconstructed to conventional CT and DL-CT series, and used for assessment of HU, iodine concentration (IC), and the effective atomic number (Z) in the combined RECISTv.

Transforming Obesity Prevention for CHILDren (TOPCHILD) Collaboration: protocol for a systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis of behavioural interventions for the prevention of early childhood obesity.

Introduction: Behavioural interventions in early life appear to show some effect in reducing childhood overweight and obesity. However, uncertainty remains regarding their overall effectiveness, and whether effectiveness differs among key subgroups. These evidence gaps have prompted an increase in very early childhood obesity prevention trials worldwide.

Unpacking the behavioural components and delivery features of early childhood obesity prevention interventions in the TOPCHILD Collaboration: a systematic review and intervention coding protocol.

Introduction: Little is known about how early (eg, commencing antenatally or in the first 12 months after birth) obesity prevention interventions seek to change behaviour and which components are or are not effective. This study aims to (1) characterise early obesity prevention interventions in terms of target behaviours, delivery features and behaviour change techniques (BCTs), (2) explore similarities and differences in BCTs used to target behaviours and (3) explore effectiveness of intervention components in preventing childhood obesity.

Methods And Analysis: Annual comprehensive systematic searches will be performed in Epub Ahead of Print/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane (CENTRAL), CINAHL, PsycINFO, as well as clinical trial registries.

Economic impact of spectral body imaging in diagnosis of patients suspected for occult cancer.

Background: Based on prior studies spectral CT has shown a higher sensitivity for malignant lesions than conventional CT at the cost of lower specificity. For the radiologists, it also offers a higher degree of certainty in the diagnosis of benign lesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of spectral CT in patients suspected of occult cancer in a medical center in Denmark.

Prognostic Utility of Parameters Derived From Pretreatment Dual-Layer Spectral-Detector CT in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

New therapies have emerged for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), though corresponding imaging markers are lacking. Dual-layer spectral-detector CT (DLCT) can quantify iodine concentration (IC) and effective atomic number (Z), providing information beyond attenuation that may indicate mRCC prognosis. The purpose of our study was to assess the utility of the DLCT-derived parameters IC and Z for predicting mRCC treatment response and survival.

Comparison of hyoid bone morphology between obstructive sleep apnea patients and healthy individuals.

Objective: We aimed to find morphological properties of the hyoid bone, which are predominant among the patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), and compare them with healthy individuals.

Methods: A total of 67 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image sequences of patients (44 males, 23 females) diagnosed with OSA and a total of 70 multislice computed tomography (MSCT) data of non-OSA patients (45 males, 25 females) were selected in this study. DICOM images were imported into InVivo 5.