In the era of the knowledge economy that is filled with intense competition, formal closed innovation can no longer meet the market demand. The enterprise needs to implement open innovation involving external resources. The concept of open innovation emphasizes both the use of internal and external resources in the process of enterprise innovation and the use of internal and external markets to promote the commercial application of innovation achievements.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis study investigates the spatial influence and spillover effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental pollution (EP) by using panel spatial data in 1970-2016 for 12 selected Arab countries. It employs the STochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. The spatial econometric approach is applied to examine the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) and the pollution halo hypothesis (P-HH) (from now on, we will use the acronyms PHH and P-HH to denote the pollution haven hypothesis and pollution halo hypothesis, respectively).
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