Introducing AnatomyGPT: A customized artificial intelligence application for anatomical sciences education.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are poised to become an increasingly important part of education in the anatomical sciences. OpenAI has also introduced generative pretrained transformers (GPTs), which are customizable versions of the standard ChatGPT application. There is little research that has explored the potential of GPTs to serve as intelligent tutoring systems for learning the anatomical sciences.

The Transverse Turbinate Line: A Reliable Landmark for the Maxillary Sinus Natural Ostium.

Objectives: Approximating the maxillary sinus natural ostium's (MSNO) natural position during anterograde surgery is challenging, as only a single visual "landmark," the maxillary line, is routinely offered to guide the identification of the MSNO in three-dimensional space. Despite almost 40 years of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) experience in North America, maxillary recirculation and discontinuity between the natural and surgical ostia are commonly encountered during revision ESS. Consequently, we feel an additional visual landmark would assist in localizing the MSNO with or without image guidance.

Staphylococcus aureus isolated from endophthalmitis are hospital-acquired based on Panton-Valentine leukocidin and antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) endophthalmitis is generally a postsurgical infection with an undefined source of entry. Hospital-acquired (HA) SA infections are associated with multi-antibiotic resistance and absence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) toxin. Community-acquired (CA) SA infections are not associated with multi-antibiotic resistance and possess the PVL toxin.

Indirect laser treatment and anti-VEGF therapy of a retinal angioma, with resolution of a large serous retinal detachment, macular exudates, and macular edema.

Purpose: To report on a novel treatment strategy in an eye with a retinal angioma and macular edema

Methods: Wide-angle angiography was used to characterize the lesion and response to theraphy, while the treatment combined laser photocoagulation with the indirect laser delivery system, and intravitreal injections of pegaptanib and bevacizumab. Treatment was rendered over 21 months' time.

Results: The treatment resulted in graduate resolution of marked macular edema and exudation, with a gain in visual acuity.

From college to clinic: reasoning over memorization is key for understanding anatomy.

Anatomy and physiology are taught in community colleges, liberal arts colleges, universities, and medical schools. The goals of the students vary, but educators in these diverse settings agree that success hinges on learning concepts rather than memorizing facts. In this article, educators from across the postsecondary educational spectrum expand on several points: (1) There is a problem with student perception that anatomy is endless memorization, whereas the ability to manage information and use reasoning to solve problems are ways that professionals work.

Effects of intense noise exposure on fetal sheep auditory brain stem response and inner ear histology.

Objective: To evaluate, in two separate experiments, the effects of intense noise exposures delivered to fetal sheep in utero during a time of rapid auditory development.

Design: In the first experiment, auditory brain stem response (ABR) thresholds to clicks and tone bursts were recorded from chronically instrumented fetal sheep in utero before and after exposure of pregnant ewes to intense broadband noise. A single 16 hr exposure was delivered at 113 days gestational age, a time when the ABR is just emerging.

Distribution of Na,K-ATPase is normal in the inner ear of a mouse with a null mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor.

This study was performed in order to test the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid hormone stimulates the formation of Na,K-ATPase in the inner ear of the mouse. An immunohistochemical study with respect to the presence and distribution of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and Na,K-ATPase in the vestibular and cochlear regions of the inner ear was performed on a C57BL mouse with a null mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR mutant mouse). The wild type C57BL mouse and the CBA mouse served as normal controls.

Interaction of methylprednisolone and transient asphyxia on the inner ear of the adrenalectomized rat.

Methylprednisolone has been shown clinically to have beneficial effects on certain types of hearing loss. In the current study, compound action potential (CAP) thresholds, endocochlear potentials (EPs), and potassium concentration (CK+) values in the endolymph were determined under conditions of transient asphyxia (45 seconds) and methylprednisolone treatment (24 hours) in bilateral adrenalectomized rats. Treatment with methylprednisolone significantly reduced the effect of transient asphyxia on CAP thresholds as compared with nontreated animals.

Development of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in the rat cochlea.

11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) catalyzes the transformation of active glucocorticoid (GC) steroids to inactive 11-oxosteroids, as well as the reverse reaction. 11 beta-HSD was previously demonstrated specifically in the spiral ligament of the lateral cochlear wall where it was co-localized with adrenal steroid receptors. These findings imply that 11 beta-HSD regulates binding of corticoids to their inner ear receptors.

Ca(2+)-ATPases in the cochlear duct.

Differing levels of the Ca(2+)-ATPase enzymes that reside on the plasma membrane (PM) and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were identified in individual rat cochlear tissues by the use of a semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unlike other studies, a specific antibody to PM Ca(2+)-ATPase was used to detect significantly greater levels (about 2x) of PM Ca(2+)-ATPase in the stria vascularis (SV) than that in the spiral ligament (SL) and organ of Corti (OC) tissues. Similarly, levels of ER Ca(2+)-ATPase were also significantly higher in the SV than in the SL and OC tissues.

Localization of secretory phospholipase A2 in mouse cochlear tissues and cultured cells.

Objective: To localize the expression of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in the cochlear duct.

Design: By means of an immunocytochemistry technique that used rabbit anti-porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 antiserum, sPLA2 sites were identified in vivo and in vitro in the adult mouse cochlear duct.

Subjects: Eight C57BL/6N normal adult male mice (11-12 weeks old) (6 mice for the in vivo study, 2 mice for the in vitro study).

Status of cochlear Na,K-ATPase in the aged SHR rat and its possible role in hearing loss.

The relationship between levels of Na,K-ATPase isoforms was studied in the lateral walls of the cochlea in aged spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Dense staining for the enzyme's alpha 1 subunit was found especially in the basal turns of the cochlea, while external sulcal cells were more intensely stained in the more apical turns in both SHR and WKY rats. In contrast, staining for beta 1 Na,K-ATPase was demonstrable in significant levels in the stria vascularis and suprastrial regions of the SHR rat, with involvement of the basilar suprastrial region pronounced in both strains of animals.

Altered calcium homeostasis in the rat cochlear duct and endogenous corticosteroid insufficiency.

Free calcium concentration (CCa2+) profiles were evaluated in perilymph, endolymph, marginal cells, spiral ligament and blood serum of adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. Free CCa2+ was significantly greater in perilymph and significantly reduced in the serum of the ADX animals as compared to sham-operated animals. In addition, higher levels of free CCa2+ were found in the spiral ligament in ADX animals.

Structural maturation of the interface region between the stria vascularis and spiral ligament in the neonatal rat cochlea.

The ultrastructural morphology of the interface region between the stria vascularis (SV) and spiral ligament (SL) was examined in the neonatal rat cochlea via transmission electron microscopy. At postnatal day (PND) 3, morphology of both basal cells and fibrocytes was simple and immature. Only a small number of fibrocytes was observed in the SL.

Correlative evidence of hypertension and altered cochlear microhomeostasis: electrophysiological changes in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat model has been used to show that hypertension is an important pathophysiological risk factor in age-related hearing loss. In the present study, compound action potential (CAP), electrochemical potential (ECP), and potassium concentration (CK+) measurements were taken from the cochlea of genetically predisposed, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the SHR model, as the duration of hypertension increased with the animal's age (from 3 to 8 months), CAP thresholds increased, ECP increased in marginal cells only, and CK+ increased in both endolymph and marginal cells.

Localization of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in the rat cochlea.

Distributions of the copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in the rat cochlea were studied by immunohistochemistry with specific polyclonal antibodies to Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD. Coexpression of Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD was observed in the cochlear tissues with differing immunoactivity intensities. The presence of Cu/Zn- and Mn-SOD implies the existence of a defense system against free oxygen radical (FOR) injury in cochlear tissues.

Na,K-ATPase alpha- and beta-isoforms in the developing cochlea of the mouse.

Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the presence of Na,K-ATPase alpha- and beta-subunits isoforms (alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, beta 1 and beta 2) in the cochlea of the mouse at different ages between embryological day (E) 19 and postnatal day (P) + 30. alpha 1 was mainly found in the stria vascularis and in the spiral ligament; it increased steadily from p+4. These data correlates well with the morphological and electrophysiological maturation of the cochlea.

Appearance of glucocorticoid receptors in the inner ear of the mouse during development.

CBA mice were sacrificed at different ages of developments at embryonic day 13 (E13), E14, E16, E19, E20 and postnatal day 1 (P1), P2, P3, P4, P6, P8, P10, P14, P16, P18, P20 and P30. The temporal bones were quickly removed and deep frozen in order to prepare cryosections for immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal antibodies against glucocorticoid receptors. The avidin-biotin, ABC-method was used to visualize binding.

Detection and regulation of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in rat cochlear tissues.

Relative levels of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in individual cochlear tissues were detected by the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A heterogeneous distribution of Cu/Zn-SOD was observed in the individual tissues of control animals: high levels were measured in the stria vascularis (SV), intermediate levels of enzyme were measured in the spiral ligament (SL), and low levels were measured in the organ of Corti region (OC); collectively, these levels were not statistically significant (P = 0.0645).

Electrochemical potentials and potassium concentration profiles recorded from perilymph, endolymph and associated inner ear tissues in adrenalectomized rats.

This study evaluated the electrochemical potentials and potassium concentration (Ck+) profiles in the perilymph, endolymph, marginal cells, and spiral ligament of adrenalectomized rats in which endogenous corticosteroids had been removed. Electrochemical potentials recorded at the four cochlear sites were not affected by adrenalectomy (ADX). Ck+ was greater in the endolymph of the ADX animals as compared to control animals.

Receptors for glucocorticoids in the human inner ear.

Glucocorticoid receptors were detected in the human inner ear. The highest concentration of glucocorticoid receptor protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the spiral ligament tissues; the lowest concentration of glucocorticoid receptors was measured in the macula of the saccule. The demonstration of the presence of glucocorticoid receptors in human Inner ear tissues provides a basis to consider the direct effects of glucocorticoid action on select inner ear cells, rather than assuming a systemic antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive effect during the therapeutic treatment of patients with given inner ear disorders.

Localization of the mineralocorticoid receptor in rat cochlear tissue.

Distribution of the mineralocorticoid receptor within rat cochlear tissue was studied by immunohistochemistry. Intense immunoreactions of mineralocorticoid receptor antibodies were observed in outer and inner hair cells of the organ of Corti, stria vascularis, spiral ligament and spiral ganglion cells. Moderate to weak immunostaining was observed in the spiral limbus and cochlear nerve.

Responsiveness of alpha 1 and beta 1 cochlear Na, K-ATPase isoforms to thyroid hormone.

The effects of thyroid hormone on Na, K-ATPase subunit isoforms under euthyroid (EUTH), hypothyroid (HYPO) and hyperthyroid (HYPER) states were investigated via immunocytochemistry and the use of polyclonal antibodies specific to each isoform (alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3 and beta 1, beta 2). In HYPO animals, there was a distinct decrease in Na, K-ATPase alpha 1 isoform immunoreactivity in the stria vascularis (SV), spiral ganglion (SG) cells, spiral limbus (SLi) and cochlear nerve (CN) as compared with that in EUTH animals by the 17th day of the experiment. Immunostaining of the alpha 1 isoform increased in HYPER animals as compared with that in HYPO animals, and reached a level comparable to that in EUTH animals after 2 days of triiodothyronine (T3) treatment.