Direct conversion of almond waste into value-added liquids using carbon-neutral catalysts: Hydrothermal hydrogenation of almond hulls over a Ru/CNF catalyst.

The almond industry leaves behind substantial amounts of by-products, with almond hulls being the primary residue generated. Given that one way to improve food security is by decreasing waste to reduce environmental impacts, developing sustainable processes to manage this by-product is necessary. Herein, we report on the hydrothermal hydrogenation of almond hulls over a carbon-neutral Ru supported on carbon nanofibres (Ru/CNF) catalyst, addressing the temperature, H pressure, time and catalyst loading.