Differences in the Interleukin Profiles in Inattentive ADHD Prepubertal Children Are Probably Related to Conduct Disorder Comorbidity.

Inflammatory cytokines are involved in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. To quantify the baseline levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their changes after methylphenidate (MPH), a total of 31 prepubertal children with ADHD were recruited and subclassified into only two ADHD presentations-ADHD attention deficit ( = 13) or ADHD combined ( = 18). The children were also screened for oppositional defiant conduct disorder (ODCD) and anxiety disorder.

Changes in Cortisol and in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Indicators after ADHD Treatment.

Although ADHD is one of the most prevalent diseases during childhood, we still do not know its precise origin; oxidative/nitrosative stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are suggested contributors. Methylphenidate, among others, is the main drug used in ADHD patients, but its effects on relevant markers and structures remain unclear. This study, involving 59 patients diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria, aimed to assess changes in cortisol levels (using cortisol awakening response, CAR) and oxidative/nitrosative status with the treatment.