Childhood maltreatment is associated with lower exploration and disrupted prefrontal activity and connectivity during reward learning in volatile environments.

Background: Atypical reward processing is implicated in a range of psychiatric disorders associated with childhood maltreatment and may represent a latent vulnerability mechanism. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the impact of maltreatment on behavioural and neural indices of reward learning in volatile environments and examined associations with future psychopathology assessed 18 months later.

Methods: Thirty-seven children and adolescents with documented histories of maltreatment (MT group) and a carefully matched group of 32 non-maltreated individuals (NMT group) aged 10-16 were presented with a probabilistic reinforcement learning task featuring a phase of stable and a phase of volatile reward contingencies.

Video Conferencing Peer Support and Rarer Forms of Dementia: An Exploration of Family Carers' Positive Experiences.

Little is known regarding the nuanced experiences of family carers for people living with rare dementias (PLWRD), with no known literature exploring their positive experiences of caring discussed within peer support group settings. This article explores family carers of PLWRD's positive experiences reported in video conferencing peer support groups. Six peer support group sessions involving a total of nine participants were qualitatively analysed using thematic analysis, guided by the conceptual framework of positive aspects of caring (CFPAC) (Carbonneau et al.

Trust and childhood maltreatment: evidence of bias in appraisal of unfamiliar faces.

Background: Child maltreatment is associated with poorer social functioning and increased risk of mental health problems in adolescence and adulthood, but the processes underlying these associations remain unclear. Although crucial for establishing and maintaining relationships, trust judgements have not been experimentally investigated in children who have experienced abuse and neglect.

Methods: A community-based sample of 75 children aged 8-16 years with maltreatment documented on the basis of social services records, and a group of 70 peers matched on age, gender, cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity took part in the study.

A Systematic Review of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Applications to Memory in Healthy Aging.

It has long been acknowledged that memory changes over the course of one's life, irrespective of diseases like dementia. Approaches to mitigate these changes have however yielded mixed results. Brain stimulation has been identified as one novel approach of augmenting older adult's memory.

Cross-interaction chromatography as a rapid screening technique to identify the stability of new antibody therapeutics.

Protein aggregation can be a major problem in the manufacturing of new biopharmaceuticals and there is a desirability for development of techniques that can predict the behaviour of new biopharmaceuticals early on in the development process. A technique that can be used to predict aggregation is self-interaction chromatography that is used to determine the second virial coefficient, B, but one of the limitations includes the need to immobilise every protein of interest. In this study a related technique, cross interaction chromatography (CIC), is evaluated which overcomes this limitation.

Program opportunities of residential immersive life skills programs for youth with disabilities.

Purpose: Residential immersive life skills programs provide youth with the skills and outlooks needed to adopt new roles in life. Observed program opportunities and service providers' perceptions of opportunities were examined to determine program fidelity. Service providers' views of how the programs work were also examined.

Embedded Mental Health: Promotion of Psychological Hygiene Within a Submarine Squadron.

Introduction: Psychological fitness is an important component to operational unit readiness and success. Embedding behavioral health providers can reduce unplanned personnel losses (UPL) as a result of psychological stress. The U.

A Primitive Growth Factor, NME7AB , Is Sufficient to Induce Stable Naïve State Human Pluripotency; Reprogramming in This Novel Growth Factor Confers Superior Differentiation.

Scientists have generated human stem cells that in some respects mimic mouse naïve cells, but their dependence on the addition of several extrinsic agents, and their propensity to develop abnormal karyotype calls into question their resemblance to a naturally occurring "naïve" state in humans. Here, we report that a recombinant, truncated human NME7, referred to as NME7AB here, induces a stable naïve-like state in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells without the use of inhibitors, transgenes, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), feeder cells, or their conditioned media. Evidence of a naïve state includes reactivation of the second X chromosome in female source cells, increased expression of naïve markers and decreased expression of primed state markers, ability to be clonally expanded and increased differentiation potential.

A genome-wide siRNA screen in mammalian cells for regulators of S6 phosphorylation.

mTOR complex1, the major regulator of mRNA translation in all eukaryotic cells, is strongly activated in most cancers. We performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in a human cancer cell line, seeking genes that regulate S6 phosphorylation, readout of mTORC1 activity. Applying a stringent selection, we retrieved nearly 600 genes wherein at least two RNAis gave significant reduction in S6-P.

Analysis of patient factors impacting duration of periodontal maintenance appointments: an exploratory study.

Purpose: The periodontal maintenance (PM) appointment requires varying amounts of time and is absolutely essential for long-term successful periodontal therapy. This study assessed time requirements for PM and relative contribution of patient-level factors such as oral health status, complex medical history, maintenance compliance and demographics.

Methods: One hundred patients receiving PM in a graduate periodontal program at a dental school participated in this cross sectional, observational study and components of their PM were timed in minutes/seconds.

Referring periodontal patients: clinical decision making by dental and dental hygiene students.

Referral of periodontal patients requires development of a complex set of decision making skills. This study was conducted to determine criteria used by dental and dental hygiene students regarding the referral of periodontal patients for specialty care. Using mixed methods, a thirteen-item survey was developed to elicit the students' perceptions of their knowledge, confidence regarding managing patients, and clinical reasoning related to periodontal patients.

Amino acids activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 without changing Rag GTPase guanyl nucleotide charging.

Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by amino acids is mediated in part by the Rag GTPases, which bind the raptor subunit of mTORC1 in an amino acid-stimulated manner and promote mTORC1 interaction with Rheb-GTP, the immediate activator. Here we examine whether the ability of amino acids to regulate mTORC1 binding to Rag and mTORC1 activation is due to the regulation of Rag guanyl nucleotide charging. Rag heterodimers in vitro exhibit a very rapid, spontaneous exchange of guanyl nucleotides and an inability to hydrolyze GTP.

Student evaluation of clickers in a combined dental and dental hygiene periodontology course.

The purpose of this report is to describe the general use of clickers as an active learning tool and how they were used in teaching a combined periodontology course for second-year dental and junior dental hygiene students. A survey was used to capture student perceptions following completion of the course. Specific domains were active learning, improved performance, and expectations.

Mechanism and function of Vav1 localisation in TCR signalling.

The antigen-specific binding of T cells to antigen presenting cells results in recruitment of signalling proteins to microclusters at the cell-cell interface known as the immunological synapse (IS). The Vav1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor plays a critical role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling, leading to the activation of multiple pathways. We now show that it is recruited to microclusters and to the IS in primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.

The mechanism of insulin-stimulated 4E-BP protein binding to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and its contribution to mTOR complex 1 signaling.

Insulin activation of mTOR complex 1 is accompanied by enhanced binding of substrates. We examined the mechanism and contribution of this enhancement to insulin activation of mTORC1 signaling in 293E and HeLa cells. In 293E, insulin increased the amount of mTORC1 retrieved by the transiently expressed nonphosphorylatable 4E-BP[5A] to an extent that varied inversely with the amount of PRAS40 bound to mTORC1.

Biomechanical analysis of pullout strengths of rotator cuff and glenoid anchors: 2011 update.

Purpose: To evaluate the biomechanical and design characteristics of newer suture anchors.

Methods: Suture anchors were tested in fresh porcine metaphyseal cortex and cancellous troughs by use of an established protocol. A mechanical testing machine applied tensile loads parallel to the axis of insertion at 12.

First web space soft tissue release in bunion surgery: functional outcomes of a new technique.

Background: The current approach to soft tissue release in bunion surgery is through an incision in the dorsum of the first web space between the first and second metatarsals. However, the soft tissue release through this approach can be excessive or inadequate for the correction required. In addition, it leaves a visible scar.

The CEJ: a biofilm and calculus trap.

There is a direct correlation between increasing periodontal probing depth and increasing presence of residual biofilms and calculus. One of the more common areas to find postscaling and root-planing residual biofilm and calculus is the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ)--an area that in most cases is easily accessible. Yet few studies have addressed the question of why the CEJ is a potential biofilm and calculus trap.

Biomechanical advantages of triple-loaded suture anchors compared with double-row rotator cuff repairs.

Purpose: To evaluate the strength and suture-tendon interface security of various suture anchors triply and doubly loaded with ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene-containing sutures and to evaluate the relative effectiveness of placing these anchors in a single-row or double-row arrangement by cyclic loading and then destructive testing.

Methods: The infraspinatus muscle was reattached to the original humeral footprint by use of 1 of 5 different repair patterns in 40 bovine shoulders. Two single-row repairs and three double-row repairs were tested.

Mid-substance peroneal tendon defects augmented with an acellular dermal matrix allograft.

Background: This study evaluated an acellular dermal matrix allograft augmentation for chronic mid-substance peroneous longus and brevis tendon tears. The hypothesis was that acellular dermal matrix allograft augmentation of chronic longitudinal mid-substance or complete tears of both peroneal tendons provides sufficient initial strength to allow a rapid rehabilitation program.

Materials And Methods: A consecutive series of mid-substance peroneal tendon tears with tissue loss was prospectively evaluated with demographic data, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot-ankle scores, subjective questionnaires, and functional tests as well as physical examination, pre-operative radiographs, and MRIs.

Function of the nucleotide exchange activity of vav1 in T cell development and activation.

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1 is essential for transducing T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signals and therefore plays a critical role in the development and activation of T cells. It has been presumed that the GEF activity of Vav1 is important for its function; however, there has been no direct demonstration of this. Here, we generated mice expressing enzymatically inactive, but normally folded, Vav1 protein.

Glenohumeral chondrolysis after shoulder arthroscopy associated with continuous bupivacaine infusion.

Purpose: To determine the incidence of glenohumeral chondrolysis associated with the use of a continuous-infusion device in shoulder arthroscopy.

Methods: A consecutive series of patients undergoing arthroscopic glenohumeral surgery with a postoperative continuous-infusion pump inserted into either the glenohumeral joint or subacromial space were evaluated for chondrolysis. Two pump types were used: group 1 received 100 mL of 0.

Comparing suture strengths for clinical applications: a novel in vitro study.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile strengths of commonly used sutures over a 2-week period under simulated oral conditions.

Methods: Three suture materials (chromic gut [CG], polyglactin [PG], and polyglactin-fast absorbing [PG-FA]) were used in 4-0 and 5-0 gauges. After pretensioning, 252 suture samples (42 of each material and gauge) were used.

The use of a kickstand modification for the prevention of heel decubitus ulcers in trauma patients with lower extremity external fixation.

External fixation is frequently used to manage patients with lower extremity trauma. Excessive pressure from contact surfaces must be avoided to prevent added morbidity from heel ulcers. The purpose of this article is to present a simple solution to off-load the heel by adding a "kickstand" to the external fixator.