Additional cognitive load decreases performance but not adaptation to a visuomotor transformation.

Dual-task paradigms are procedures for investigating interference with two tasks performed simultaneously. Studies that previously addressed dual-task paradigms within a visuomotor reaching task yielded mixed results. While some of the studies found evidence of cognitive interference, called dual-task costs, other studies did not.

Direct and indirect cues can enable dual adaptation, but through different learning processes.

Switching between motor tasks requires accurate adjustments for changes in dynamics (grasping a cup) or sensorimotor transformations (moving a computer mouse). Dual-adaptation studies have investigated how learning of context-dependent dynamics or transformations is enabled by sensory cues. However, certain cues, such as color, have shown mixed results.

Prolonged response time helps eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation.

One persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is that participants often do not reach maximal performance. This incomplete asymptote has been explained as a consequence of obligatory computations within the implicit adaptation system, such as an equilibrium between learning and forgetting. A body of recent work has shown that in standard adaptation tasks, cognitive strategies operate alongside implicit learning.

Assessing explicit strategies in force field adaptation.

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that a number of learning processes are at play in visuomotor adaptation tasks. In addition to implicitly adapting to a perturbation, learners can develop explicit knowledge allowing them to select better actions in responding to it. Advances in visuomotor rotation experiments have underscored the important role of such "explicit learning" in shaping adaptation to kinematic perturbations.

How different effectors and action effects modulate the formation of separate motor memories.

Humans can operate a variety of modern tools, which are often associated with different visuomotor transformations. Studies investigating this ability have shown that separate motor memories can be acquired implicitly when different sensorimotor transformations are associated with distinct (intended) postures or explicitly when abstract contextual cues are leveraged by aiming strategies. It still remains unclear how different transformations are remembered implicitly when postures are similar.

Lower between-limb asymmetry during running on treadmill compared to overground in subjects with laterally pronounced knee osteoarthritis.

Subjects with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) show gait asymmetries evidenced by lower knee flexion and shorter contact times for the affected leg. Interestingly, running on a treadmill compared to running overground is also associated with lower knee flexion and shorter contact times. Thus, it is of particular interest how gait patterns are influenced by the type of ground in subjects with KOA.

Plan-based generalization shapes local implicit adaptation to opposing visuomotor transformations.

The human ability to use different tools demonstrates our capability of forming and maintaining multiple, context-specific motor memories. Experimentally, this has been investigated in dual adaptation, where participants adjust their reaching movements to opposing visuomotor transformations. Adaptation in these paradigms occurs by distinct processes, such as strategies for each transformation or the implicit acquisition of distinct visuomotor mappings.

Feedback delay attenuates implicit but facilitates explicit adjustments to a visuomotor rotation.

We examined the effects of delaying terminal visual feedback on the relative contribution of explicit and implicit components of adaptation to a visuomotor rotation. Participants practiced a 30° rotation while receiving terminal visual feedback with either a short (0ms), medium (200ms), or long (1500ms) delay. Explicit and implicit adjustments were dissociated by a series of posttests.

Immediate effects of an elastic knee sleeve on frontal plane gait biomechanics in knee osteoarthritis.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis of the knee affects millions of people. Elastic knee sleeves aim at relieving symptoms. While symptomatic improvements have been demonstrated as a consequence of elastic knee sleeves, evidence for biomechanical alterations only exists for the sagittal plane.

Online and post-trial feedback differentially affect implicit adaptation to a visuomotor rotation.

Unlabelled: Multiple motor learning processes can be discriminated in visuomotor rotation paradigms. At least four processes have been proposed: Implicit adaptation updates an internal model based on prediction errors. Model-free reinforcement reinforces actions that achieve task success.