Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring During Spinal Cord Stimulation Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: This study aims to describe the state of literature regarding the use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during spinal cord stimulator surgery.

Materials And Methods: A systematic review of the use of IONM during spinal cord stimulation (SCS) surgery was performed using the following three data bases: PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Embase. Research techniques included systematic research following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol by Cochrane, and backward searching.

Intraoperative Motor Evoked Responses to Double-Train Paradigm Stimulation for Guiding Lead Placement and Postoperative Programming in Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain.

Objective: We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of using motor evoked responses to intraoperative double-train stimulation to guide lead placement and matching of intraoperative contacts with postoperative electrode programming in spinal cord stimulation for pain performed under general anesthesia.

Materials And Methods: The study included a series of 20 consecutive patients with refractory pain operated on under general anesthesia. Either percutaneous or paddle leads were implanted and positioned according to the intraoperative mapping results.