A case of cranium bifidum with meningocele in Ayrshire calf.

Background: Congenital cranial bone defects predispose to herniation of meninges, sometimes with brain tissue involvement, to form a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cyst in the head. Such defects mainly results from focal failure of neural tube closure during fetal development and has been reported in various species of domestic mammals.

Case Presentation: A one week old Ayrshire calf with a fluctuant swelling on parieto-occipital region of the head was referred to the faculty.

The effect of point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase genes and multidrug resistance gene 1-86 on treatment of falciparum malaria in Sudan.

Background: One of the major problems to the treatment of malaria is the emergence and spread of parasite resistant to antimalarial drugs. Due to increased chloroquine (CQ) resistance, the antifolate combinations are becoming important in the chemotherapy of falciparum malaria. However, resistance to antifolate exists and they are still effective in the above combinations.