Three-Dimensional Anthropometric Database of Attractive Caucasian Women: Standards and Comparisons.

The aim of this paper is to develop a database to determine a new biomorphometric standard of attractiveness. Sampling was carried out using noninvasive three-dimensional relief methods to measure the soft tissues of the face. These anthropometric measurements were analyzed to verify the existence of any canons with respect to shape, size, and measurement proportions which proved to be significant with regard to the aesthetics of the face.

Three-dimensional methodology for photogrammetric acquisition of the soft tissues of the face: a new clinical-instrumental protocol.

Background: The objective of this study is to define an acquisition protocol that is clear, precise, repeatable, simple, fast and that is useful for analysis of the anthropometric characteristics of the soft tissue of the face.

Methods: The analysis was carried out according to a new clinical-instrumental protocol that comprises four distinct phases: (1) setup of portable equipment in the space in which field analysis will be performed, (2) preparation of the subject and spatial positioning, (3) scanning of the subject with different facial expressions, and (4) treatment and processing of data. The protocol was tested on a sample comprising 66 female subjects (64 Caucasian, 1 Ethiopian, and 1 Brazilian) who were the finalists of an Italian national beauty contest in 2010.

Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models.

Objective: Since a long time has gone from their definitions, the authors' aim was to determine whether or not the neoclassical canons are still valid to describe the facial beauty in Italian women.

Materials And Methods: The photographs of 50 italian models selected for an important beauty contest were obtained. All the pictures were taken by a professional photographer with a professional digital reflex camera with a millimeter-graduated scale white background.

Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive Italian women as compared to normal women.

Objective: To compare the facial characteristics of two different groups of attractive women with those of reference women.

Materials And Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks were collected in 71 healthy reference women (18-30 years old) and in 24 coetaneous "attractive" women selected during two different beauty competitions; soft tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed and compared using analysis of variance.

Results: When compared with reference women, both groups of attractive women shared several similar facial characteristics: relatively large forehead (P < .

Soft-tissue facial characteristics of attractive and normal adolescent boys and girls.

Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian adolescent boys and girls.

Materials And Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 231 healthy, reference adolescents (10- 17 years old) and in 93 similar age group "attractive" adolescents selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed.

Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive Italian women.

Objectives: To identify reference standards and possible esthetic features in facial proportion and form of Italian adult women.

Methods And Subjects: A three-dimensional electromagnetic digitizer was used to collect the coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) in 71 healthy, reference women (18-30 years old) and in 48 "attractive" women selected during a beauty competition; soft tissue facial angles, distances and volumes were computed.

Results: Attractive women had wider faces with a relatively larger upper facial third (forehead); a larger facial width relative to facial height.

Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive adolescent boys and girls.

Objectives: To identify reference standards and possible esthetic features of facial size and form of Italian adolescent boys and girls.

Methods And Subjects: A three-dimensional electromagnetic digitizer was used to collect the coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) in 231 healthy, reference adolescents (10-17 years old) and in 93 "attractive" adolescents selected by a commercial casting; soft tissue facial angles, distances and volumes were computed.

Results: Attractive adolescents had wider and shorter faces than reference subjects of the same age and sex, with relatively larger upper and middle facial thirds, and a reduced mandible relative to the maxilla.

Three-dimensional facial morphometry of attractive children and normal children in the deciduous and early mixed dentition.

Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian children.

Materials And Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 220 healthy reference children (4-9 years old) and in 89 "attractive" children of a similar age group selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, and volumes were computed.