Revealing miRNAs' Janus-Faced Nature: Transforming Cold Tumours into Immunotherapy Hotspots and Overcoming Chemoresistance.

MicroRNA (miRNA) modulation has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, particularly in converting "cold" tumors with limited immune cell infiltration into "hot" tumors responsive to immunotherapy. miRNAs regulate immune cell recruitment and activation within the tumor microenvironment, influencing tumor behavior targeting specific miRNAs in cold tumors aims to enhance the immune response, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy. Despite ongoing research challenges, such as tumor complexity and treatment resistance, miRNA-based therapies offer personalized approaches with potential ethical considerations.

Combating chemoresistance: Current approaches & nanocarrier mediated targeted delivery.

Chemoresistance, a significant challenge in effective cancer treatment needs clear elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanism for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Alterations in transporter pumps, oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, mitochondrial function, DNA repair processes, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stemness, epigenetic modifications, and exosome secretion lead to chemoresistance. Despite notable advancements in targeted cancer therapies employing both small molecules and macromolecules success rates remain suboptimal due to adverse effects like drug efflux, target mutation, increased mortality of normal cells, defective apoptosis, etc.

Tissue chips as headway model and incitement technology.

Tissue on a chip or organ-on-chip (OOC) is a technology that's dignified to form a transformation in drug discovery through the use of advanced platforms. These are 3D in cell culture models that mimic micro-environment of human organs or tissues on artificial microstructures built on a portable microfluidic chip without involving sacrificial humans or animals. This review article aims to offer readers a thorough and insightful understanding of technology.

Molecular interaction of quercetin and its derivatives against nucleolin in breast cancer: and study.

Nucleolin, a multifaceted RNA binding domain protein is overexpressed in various cancers leading to dysfunction of several cellular signaling pathways. Quercetin, a distinctive bioactive molecule, along with its derivatives have shown exclusive physio-chemical properties which makes them appealing choices for drug development, yet their role in targeted cancer therapy is limited. Here, the RBD domain structure of Nucleolin was modeled and stabilized by MD simulations for a period of 1000 ns.

Carbon quantum dot-nanocomposite hydrogel as Denovo Nexus in rapid chondrogenesis.

The incapability of cartilage to naturally regenerate and repair chronic muscular injuries urges the development of competent bionic rostrums. There is a need to explore faster strategies for chondrogenic engineering using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Along these lines, rapid chondrocyte differentiation would benefit the transplantation demand affecting osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Current and future strategies for diagnostic and management of obstructive sleep apnea.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder with multiple comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. Detected based on an overnight sleep study is called polysomnography (PSG); OSA still remains undiagnosed in majority of the population mainly attributed to lack of awareness. To overcome the limitations posed by PSG such as patient discomfort and overnight hospitalization, newer technologies are being explored.

Separation of distinct exosome subpopulations: isolation and characterization approaches and their associated challenges.

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that serve as a communications system between cells and have shown tremendous promise as liquid biopsy biomarkers in diagnostic, prognostic, and even therapeutic use in different human diseases. Due to the natural heterogeneity of exosomes, there is a need to separate exosomes into distinct biophysical and/or biochemical subpopulations to enable full interrogation of exosome biology and function prior to the possibility of clinical translation. Currently, there exists a multitude of different exosome isolation and characterization approaches which can, in limited capacity, separate exosomes based on biophysical and/or biochemical characteristics.

Permanent superhydrophilic surface modification in microporous polydimethylsiloxane sponge for multi-functional applications.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the most preferred material in microfluidic device/biomedical applications because of its unique properties. However, improvement in surface wettability of PDMS is highly desired for microfluidic and biomedical applications as its surface is inherently hydrophobic in nature that restricts flow of aqueous fluid or adherence of biomolecules onto its surface. In spite of several surface modification techniques, prompt recurrence of hydrophobic properties is quite typical in PDMS.

Rapid Processing of Wafer-Scale Anti-Reflecting 3D Hierarchical Structures on Silicon and Its Templation.

Hierarchically structured silicon (Si) surfaces with a combination of micro/nano-structures are highly explored for their unique surface and optical properties. In this context, we propose a rapid and facile electroless method to realize hierarchical structures on an entire Si wafer of 3″ diameter. The overall process takes only 65 s to complete, unlike any conventional wet chemical approach that often combines a wet anisotropic etching of (100) Si followed by a metal nanoparticle catalyst etching.

An improved strategy for transferring and adhering thin nanoporous alumina membranes onto conducting transparent electrodes for template assisted electrodeposition of high aspect ratio semiconductor nanowires with increased optical absorption.

This article presents a new method for transferring and enhancing the adhesion of thin nanoporous alumina (NPA) membranes onto non-atomically flat substrates like fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass. The study reports use of glycerol as an additive to reduce the brittleness of the polystyrene filler that was used to fill the pores of the NPA membrane. Additionally, a new reflux-based method is reported here for the complete removal of the polystryrene filler from the porous channels of alumina.

Matrix-free LDI mass spectrometry platform using patterned nanostructured gold thin film.

A novel matrix-free LDI MS platform using a thin film of patterned nanostructured gold, capped with methyl- and carboxy-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is presented. Calibration on the matrix-free LDI surface was performed using a peptide standard mixture available for MALDI analysis. MS analysis for limit of detection was performed using angiotensin I peptide.

Dual desorption electrospray ionization-laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry on a common nanoporous alumina platform for enhanced shotgun proteomic analysis.

A gold coated nanoporous alumina surface was used for dual ionization mode mass spectrometric analysis using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI). DESI and LDI mass spectrometry (MS) from the nanoporous alumina surface were compared with conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) for analysis of tryptic digests of proteins. Combined use of DESI and LDI offer greater peptide coverage than either method alone and comparable peptide coverage as with dual MALDI and ESI.

Effects of thin-film structural parameters on laser desorption/ionization from porous alumina.

Nanoporous aluminum oxide layers, grown by anodization of aluminum thin films on glass and then sputter-coated with gold, were used to study the effects of the thin-film structural parameters on laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry (MS) of peptides. Variation of MS signal intensity was examined as a function of alumina pore depth, pore width, and gold layer thickness. Peptide molecular ion intensity was optimal with porous alumina formed from aluminum films of approximately 600-nm thickness; thinner or thicker films gave significantly lower signals.

Monolithic media in microfluidic devices for proteomics.

Considerable effort has been invested in the development of integrated microfluidic devices for fast and highly efficient proteomic studies. Among various fabrication techniques for the preparation of analytical components (separation columns, reactors, extractors, valves, etc.) in integrated microchips, in situ fabrication of monolithic media is receiving increasing attention.

Influence of spinel substrate and over-layer for enhanced SAW and AO properties with KNbO3 thin film.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation characteristics have been studied using modeling calculations for a potassium niobate (KNbO3) thin film-layered structure with (001) and (110) orientation on a single crystal spinel (MgAl2O4) substrate, and a spinel buffer layer on silicon. Variation in the electromechanical coupling and acoustic attenuation has been compared. A significantly high value of coupling factor (k2max = 23%) is obtained for the (001)KNbO3/spinel structure by introducing an optimum thickness of spinel over-layer for potential wide bandwidth SAW device applications.