The Success of Unilateral Surgery for Constant and Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Affecting It in a Large Scandinavian Case Series.

Purpose: To compare the results of surgery for constant and intermittent exotropia, to determine factors affecting surgical success, and to evaluate the effect of horizontal rectus muscle surgery on distance-near incomitance.

Methods: In this retrospective study of 291 Scandinavian patients, inclusion criteria were surgery for constant (n = 101) or intermittent (n = 190) exotropia with no vertical deviation, no previous strabismus surgery, and available postoperative follow-up data. Medical records of patients (age: 3 to 85 years) undergoing surgery were reviewed.

The impact of vision screening in preschool children on visual function in the Swedish adult population.

Background: Amblyopia is the most common monocular visual impairment in Scandinavia. A visual screening programme for preschool children was introduced in Sweden in the 1970s to reduce the prevalence of amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of this visual screening programme in adult men recruited to the armed forces in Sweden.

Clinical evidence supporting the use of donor sclera as spacer material in complicated cases of strabismus surgery - retrospective evaluation of surgical results in 117 patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or congenital strabismus.

Purpose: To examine the outcome of the use of donor sclera as spacer material in complicated cases of strabismus surgery.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study on patients with complicated thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) (n = 42) or congenital strabismus (n = 75). Patients underwent strabismus surgery during 1994-2014.

Hypoperfusion following the injection of epinephrine in human forearm skin can be measured by RGB analysis but not with laser speckle contrast imaging.

Background: The time taken for epinephrine to achieve its optimal effect during local anesthesia has recently become the subject of debate. The time from injection to commencement of surgery is traditionally quoted to be 7 to 10 min, while recent reports claim that it may take 30 min to achieve maximum hypoperfusion, which would prolong the time required for surgical procedures. The discrepancy may be related to difficulties associated with the techniques used to measure blood perfusion.

Comparison of a new digital KM screen test with conventional Hess and Lees screen tests in the mapping of ocular deviations.

Purpose: To evaluate the digital KM screen computerized ocular motility test and to compare it with conventional nondigital techniques using the Hess and Lees screens.

Methods: Patients with known ocular deviations and a visual acuity of at least 20/100 underwent testing using the digital KM screen and the Hess and Lees screen tests. The examination duration, the subjectively perceived difficulty, and the patient's method of choice were compared for the three tests.

A novel surgical technique employing donor sclera in strabismus surgery.

We describe a novel surgical technique employing donor sclera as a spacer to solve the problem encountered in complicated cases of restrictive strabismus surgery when no more muscle or tendon is available for surgical extension of the eye muscle to correct the angle of deviation. This is often the case in patients who have previously undergone extensive surgery and in patients with mechanical restrictions, such as thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO).

Insulin aspart pharmacokinetics: an assessment of its variability and underlying mechanisms.

Background: Insulin aspart (IAsp) is used by many diabetics as a meal-time insulin to control post-prandial glucose levels. As is the case with many other insulin types, the pharmacokinetics (PK), and consequently the pharmacodynamics (PD), is associated with clinical variability, both between and within individuals. The present article identifies the main physiological mechanisms that govern the PK of IAsp following subcutaneous administration and quantifies them in terms of their contribution to the overall variability.

A comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biphasic insulin aspart 30, 50, 70 and pure insulin aspart: a randomized, quadruple crossover study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of pure insulin aspart and three different formulations of insulin aspart and protaminated insulin aspart: biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp30), biphasic insulin aspart 50 (BIAsp50) and biphasic insulin aspart 70 (BIAsp70). Nineteen type 1 diabetes patients received individually identical doses of the four different insulin aspart preparations on 4 separate days in this randomized crossover study. Having achieved overnight stable blood glucose control by intravenous infusions of human insulin, one of the trial insulins was injected subcutaneously and a standard meal was given in the morning.