Congenital ptosis with aponeurotic maldevelopment: clinical and surgical perspectives : Aponeurotic maldevelopment in congenital ptosis.

Purpose: Levator muscle dystrophy has been commonly accused being the main pathology of congenital ptosis, nevertheless, few reports drew attention to the existence of congenital aponeurotic defects. This study aims at highlighting the detailed clinical and surgical features of aponeurotic maldevelopment together with the efficacy of simple aponeurosis repair.

Methods: This is a retrospective nonrandomised study including patients with congenital ptosis who underwent levator muscle surgery throughout 4 years.

An Innovative Use of Propolis in the Production of Dipping Sauce Powder as a Functional Food to Mitigate Testicular Toxicity Induced by Cadmium Chloride: Technological and Biological Evidence.

Propolis is a common natural ingredient used in food production, food packaging, and pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the aim of our study was to prepare dipping sauce powders as an innovative functional product with a regular and spicy taste from economical raw materials with high nutritional value. The developed products were fortified with propolis powder at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg.

CT volumetry study of microfat graft survival from different donor sites in augmenting the enophthalmic socket.

Purpose: To evaluate autologous fat grafts harvested from the abdomen versus the thigh for treating the enophthalmic socket using CT volumetry.

Methods: A randomized prospective interventional study including 20 patients suffering from unilateral enophthalmic socket. Pre-operative clinical assessment included photographs, exophthalmometry reading as well as CT volumetry for volume deficit calculations and the harvesting site was randomly allocated (abdomen or thigh).

Contralateral Eye Study of Topography Guided versus Q Value Adjusted Photorefractive Keratectomy in Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism.

Purpose Of The Study: To compare visual outcome, higher order aberrations (HOAs) of topography guided and Q value adjusted ablation in the fellow eye of patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism.

Methods: Prospective randomized controlled interventional clinical study. The eyes of 52 patients undergoing PRK for myopia and astigmatism were included, that is, 104 eyes in total.

Evaluation of peripapillary atrophy in early open-angle glaucoma using autofluorescence combined with optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To quantitatively analyze α-zone and β-zone peripapillary atrophy (PPA) in patients having early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in conjunction with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, colored photography and perimetry.

Design: This is an observational cross-sectional case-control study.

Methods: This study included 100 eyes (54 patients) of early to moderate POAG and 100 normal eyes (50 subjects).

Common Pathogens and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Saudi Arabia.

We sought to define the type and antibiotic sensitivity response of pathogens isolated from diabetic foot ulcers based on ulcer location and Wagner classification. This retrospective analysis was done among 126 patients between 40 and 70 years of age at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using the swab culture method for microbiological assessment. Data on demographic variables, ulcer sites (location), and depth of ulcer (Wagner classification) were also collected.

Orbital melanocytoma: When a tumor becomes a relieving surprise.

Purpose: Melanocytomas are rare pigmented tumors that arise form melanocytes and have been reported in the central nervous system. Orbital melanocytomas "also known as blue nevus" are rarely reported. The occurrence of choroidal melanoma and orbital melanocytomas has never been described.

Evaluation of planned bicanalicular nasolacrimal tube retention in treating punctal stenosis or occlusion secondary to trachoma.

This article evaluates retaining bicanalicular silicone nasolacrimal tube in patients susceptible to restenosis after punctoplasty. Sixty-nine eyes (38 patients) suffering from epiphora due to stenosis or occlusion of both punctae were included in this prospective study. All had 3 snip punctoplasty and bicanalicular silicone nasolacrimal duct insertion.

Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Refractive Errors in Children of South Sinai, Egypt.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in children of South Sinai, and to evaluate outcomes of rehabilitation programs.

Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional analysis of 2070 healthy school children screened for visual impairment from 2009 through 2010 in cities of South Sinai and their surrounding Bedouin settlements. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Snellen charts followed by cycloplegic autorefractometry for cases with presenting VA ≤ 6/9.

Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia: A Review of the Recent Literature.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that Saudi Arabia ranks the second highest in the Middle East, and is seventh in the world for the rate of diabetes. It is estimated that around 7 million of the population are diabetic and almost around 3 million have pre-diabetes. Even more worrying perhaps, is the increasing pattern of diabetes noted in Saudi Arabia in the recent past.

The Evolving Role of Short-Term Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control and Hypoglycemia Among Saudi Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Study.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to find out the evolving role of professional continuous glucose monitoring (PCGM) on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the frequency of hypoglycemia.

Methods: This was a 3-month, prospective study conducted among patients (aged 15-24 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus who attended a diabetes clinic [Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia] due to recurrent unexplained hypoglycemia unawareness episodes between July 2014 and December 2014. The respondents were purposively and conveniently selected and they were asked to wear the PCGM device (iPro(®)2; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc.

Evaluation of the Lower Punctum Parameters and Morphology Using Spectral Domain Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose. To study features of the lower punctum in normal subjects using spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SD AS-OCT). Methods.

Short term outcome of anterior lamellar reposition in treating trachomatous trichiasis.

Purpose. To evaluate the outcome of anterior lamellar reposition (ALR) in treating trachomatous trichiasis. Methods.

Orbital epidermoid cysts: a diagnosis to consider.

Background. Orbital epidermoids form a rare pathological entity that is separate from dermoid cysts. They have variable clinical and radiological presentations and they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of orbital cystic lesions.

Scleral shield: primary results of a new surgical technique in augmenting porous orbital implant protection.

Purpose: To evaluate the value of using an additional scleral shield in providing further protection of inserted Medpor® implants in eviscerated globes.

Methods: This was a prospective interventional case series that included 30 patients with blind and/or disfiguring globe that warranted evisceration. Cases with intraocular masses, retained intraocular foreign bodies, as well as secondary ball implantation were excluded.

Changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness following mechanical microkeratome-assisted versus femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK.

Purpose: To study the influence of the transient elevation of intraocular pressure during suction in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness both in microkeratome assisted and femotsecond (FS) LASIK.

Patients And Methods: An interventional case series that included 40 eyes suffering from myopia who were candidates for LASIK. All underwent Wave Front Guided LASIK by the same surgeon using the VisX CustomVue platform.

Orbital foreign bodies: expect the unexpected.

Data of three pediatric patients with orbitofacial trauma were reviewed. Two patients presented with recurrent orbital inflammation with partial remission with antibiotics. One patient presented with diplopia.

Human scavenger receptor class B type 1 is regulated by activators of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma in hepatocytes.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles play a critical role in cholesterol metabolism. The hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) binds HDL particles for mediating reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), thus lowering the risk of atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), known to have potent enhancing effects on insulin sensitivity, have been developed for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

c-Jun N-terminal kinases inhibitor suppresses the TNF-alpha induced MCP-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a 76-amino-acid chemokine that is considered to be an important chemotactic factor for monocytes. MCP-1 is expressed in the macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesions. A recent report indicated that MCP-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is induced by the stimulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha via the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway.

The role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade on MIP-1alpha gene expression of ATL cells.

Objective: Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a mature CD4(+) T-cell malignancy caused by infection with human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 and is associated with a marked hypercalcemia in many patients. Recently, it has been proposed that macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) is the clinical hallmark of hypercalcemia in ATL. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular calcium on MIP-1alpha secretion in ATL cells and the role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaM-K) cascade in transcriptional activation of MIP-1alpha.

D-Psicose inhibits the expression of MCP-1 induced by high-glucose stimulation in HUVECs.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a 76-amino-acid chemokine thought to be the major chemotactic factor for monocytes. MCP-1 is found in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesions. Recent report indicates that MCP-1 is induced by glucose-stimulation, raising the important link between diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis.

Regulation of scavenger receptor class BI gene expression by angiotensin II in vascular endothelial cells.

High-density lipoprotein mediates a normal physiological process called reverse cholesterol transport. In this process, a scavenger receptor of the B class (SR-BI)/human homologue of SR-BI, CD36, and LIMPII analogous-1 (hSR-BI/CLA-1) facilitates the cellular uptake of cholesterol from high-density lipoprotein. In endothelial cells, high-density lipoprotein activates endothelial NO synthase via hSR-BI/CLA-1.

Pancreatic glucokinase is activated by insulin-like growth factor-I.

Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in the regulation of glucose use and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells. Gene targeting of the IGF-I receptor down-regulated pancreatic islet GK activity. That finding prompted us to examine the potential mechanism that may control GK gene activity using an islet cell line, INS-1, known to express IGF-I receptor.

Platelet derived growth factor regulates ABCA1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.

The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) regulates lipid efflux from peripheral cells to High-density lipoprotein. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen that enables vascular smooth muscle cells to participate in atherosclerosis. In this report, we showed that PDGF suppressed endogenous expression of ABCA1 in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.

High-density lipoprotein is a potential growth factor for adrenocortical cells.

The entry of cholesterol contained within high-density lipoprotein (HDL) into adrenocortical cells is mediated by a human homologue of SR-BI, CD36, and LIMPII Analogous-1 (CLA-1) and thus augmenting their growth. To address the role of CLA-1, we created a mutant mCLA that lacked the C-terminal tail. HDL CE selective uptake by cells carrying the mCLA-1 receptor was fully active and equivalent to those transfected with full-length CLA-1 (fCLA-1).