Real-world study of multiple naloxone administration for opioid overdose reversal among bystanders.

Background: The increasing prevalence of highly potent, illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its analogues (IMF) in the USA is exacerbating the opioid epidemic which has worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Narcan® (naloxone HCl) Nasal Spray has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for opioid-related overdoses. Due to the high potency of IMF, multiple naloxone administrations (MNA) may be needed per overdose event.

Real-world study of multiple naloxone administrations for opioid overdose reversal among emergency medical service providers.

The increasing rates of highly potent, illicit synthetic opioids (i.e., fentanyl) in the US is exacerbating the ongoing opioid epidemic.

The need for multiple naloxone administrations for opioid overdose reversals: A review of the literature.

A growing challenge in the opioid epidemic is the rise of highly potent synthetic opioids, (i.e., illicitly manufactured fentanyl [IMF]) entering the US non-prescription opioid market.