Hematological Consequences of Valproic Acid in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review with a Mechanistic Approach.

Purpose: Although Valproate (VPA) has several advantages in controlling seizures, it may cause serious hematological consequences. Hematotoxicity of VPA is particularly important in pediatrics because patients at this age are at a growing risk of leukemia. For a conclusive agreement about the toxicity of VPA, in this study, we systematically reviewed the literature in which the hematological consequences of VPA had been emphasized.

Determination of valproic acid in human plasma using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

Objectives: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector was developed for the determination of valproic acid (VPA) in human plasma.

Materials And Methods: Using a syringe, a mixture of suitable extraction solvent (40 µl chloroform) and disperser (1 ml acetone) was quickly added to 10 ml of diluted plasma sample containing VPA (pH, 1.0; concentration of NaCl, 4% (w/v)), resulting in a cloudy solution.

Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for improved determination of β-blockers in human urine.

A new micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of carvedilol and propranolol in human urine samples. In this study, vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) coupled with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping was employed for biological sample clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in MEKC. After VALLE, the urine samples were analyzed by MEKC.

Determination of five antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.

A fast and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of five antiarrhythmic drugs (metoprolol, propranolol, carvedilol, diltiazem, and verapamil) in human plasma samples. It involves dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of the desired drugs from 660 µL plasma and separation using isocratic elution with UV detection at 200 nm. The complete separation of all analytes was achieved within 7 min.

Detection limit enhancement of antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma using capillary electrophoresis with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and field-amplified sample stacking method.

Background: A new capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet detection method has been developed and validated for the analysis of four antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma samples.

Methods: In this study, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) was employed for biological samples clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in CZE.

Results: Under optimum DLLME-FASS-CZE conditions, enhancement factors were in the range of 157-314.

Salt-assisted LLE combined with field-amplified sample stacking in CE for improved determination of beta blocker drugs in human urine.

Background: A simple and sensitive CE method was developed and validated for the analysis of some beta blockers in human urine.

Methods: In this study, salting-out assisted LLE combined with field-amplified sample stacking method was employed for biological sample clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in CE.

Results: Under the optimal conditions good linearity (r(2) ≥0.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet followed by spectrofluorimetry for determination of carvedilol in human plasma.

Background: Simple, chip and rapid analytical methods are required in biomedical analysis laboratories to support therapeutic drug monitoring units in hospitals. The present work aimed to provide such a method for quantitative determination of carvedilol in plasma samples.

Results: A new, simple, precise and efficient method was developed for the determination of carvedilol in human plasma using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet, followed by spectrofluorimetry method.