Anatomy and Aging of the Perioral Region.

Perioral region, although severely impacted by facial aging, is often overlooked in texts on facial rejuvenation. Sun exposure, bone resorption, dynamic contraction of the sphincteric and nonsphincteric oral musculature, gravitational pull, histological changes of the skin, and unhealthy habits all take their toll in this area. Fine wrinkling on the lips, deep nasolabial and mentolabial folds, elongation and flattening of the upper lip, downturned corners of the mouth, marionette lines, diminished vermillion and upper teeth show and chin irregularities are the main signs of this process, raising great concern amongst patients and making the perioral region the most demanded area for facial rejuvenation treatment.

Endoscopic endonasal dissection of the infratemporal fossa: Anatomic relationships and importance of eustachian tube in the endoscopic skull base surgery.

Objectives: Endoscopic endonasal approaches to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae are technically challenging due to the complex anatomy of these areas. This project attempts to develop an anatomic and surgical model to enhance the understanding of these spaces from the endonasal endoscopic perspective.

Methods: Eight pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae were dissected in four adult human specimens in accordance with institutional protocols.

Combined approach for extensive maxillectomy: technique and cadaveric dissection.

Background: Currently described endoscopic techniques for subtotal resections of the maxilla include endoscopic medial maxillectomy and extended endoscopic medial maxillectomy; however, a complete resection of the maxilla is sometimes warranted. We describe a combined transoral and endoscopic technique for total and subtotal maxillectomy in an attempt to decrease the morbidity of traditional approaches.

Methods: Technical note, Feasibility, Human cadaveric dissection.