A Systematic Review on the Current Landscape of T1 Bladder Cancer Substaging.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review on the current state of T1 bladder tumor substaging. These neoplasms display significant heterogeneity in oncological behavior and prognosis, leading to the proposal of various substaging methods. Our aim was to investigate the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of substaging in stage T1 bladder cancer for better oncologic outcomes.

Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury.

Obstructive uropathy is defined as the structural or functional interruption of urinary outflow at any level in the urinary tract. It is regarded as one of the most prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), accounting for 5%-10% of cases. Acute severe obstruction of the urinary tract is a potentially threatening situation for the kidneys and therefore requires prompt identification and management to relieve obstruction.

[Aggressive variants of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): neuroendocrine prostate cancer.].

Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by an important molecular, pathological and clinical heterogeneity. Although most of them present androgen receptor (AR) signal dependence, there are independent phenotypes. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a rare histologic subtype with adverse prognosis due to late diagnosis, heterogeneous clinical features and lack of effective systemic treatments.

[Current status of Urological Education in Spain.].

Introduction: Urology is a medicalsurgical specialty that deals with the study, diagnosis and treatment of medical and surgical conditions of the urinary tract and retroperitoneum in both sexes and of the male genital tract without age limit. The traditional method of training is based on the imitation of the skills and behaviors of the tutors, creating variability in the training between different centers and giving a passive role to resident internal physicians (MIR).

Legislative Framework: The 2006 BOE establishes the specific formative content in its theoretical, practical and scientific facets.

The urological referral process from primary health care. Reflections on referral criteria.

Objectives: The flow of patients between Primary Care (PC) and Specialized care (SC) is a common process. It carries many implications for the patient, physician and health system. In Urology, only benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has referral criteria.

Prostatic abscess: diagnosis and treatment of an infrequent urological entity.

Objective: To report two cases of prostatic abscess of difficult management and review the literature on diagnosis and management of this entity. METHODS /RESULTS: We describe two patients with prostatic abscess. The first one, a 73-year-old diabetic male, was treated using a more passive approach with percutaneous transrectal drainage; after a slow response, the patient passed away due to sepsis.

[Mondor's syndrome. Case review and bibliographic review].

Objective: We review the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Mondor's disease of the penis, with the contribution of a new clinical case.

Methods: A 43-year-old male reported to the emergency room with preputial inflammation and edema associated to swelling of the dorsal region of the penis for the previous three weeks.

Results: Doppler ultrasound revealed thrombosis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, associated to candidiasic balanitis.

[Prognostic factors for survival in patients with transitional bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy].

Purpose: To recognize clinical and pathological variables that influence in bladder cancer specific mortality in patients with transitional bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy.

Material And Method: Retrospective analysis of 333 patients with transitional bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. Variables included during pre-cystectomy, peri-cystectomy and post-cystectomy period were analyzed.

[Controversies in the prostate surgical anatomy. A literature review].

Introduction: Radical prostatectomy technique has improved in the last years based on accumulated surgical experience and new anatomical findings. We think it is time to update anatomical concepts to standardized the criteria formentioning structures related with radical prostatectomy

Material And Method: With the followings key words: "cavernosal nerves, prostatectomy, anatomy, neurovascular bundle" we search in Medline/PubMed database selecting papers fulfilling the search criteria.

Conclusions: The prostate does not have a true capsule but rather an incomplete fibromuscular band as an intrinsic part of the gland.

[Neurourological characterization of myelomeningocele in the adult patient].

Objectives: To characterize the neurourological features of the vesicourethral dysfunction of patients with cogenital myelomeningocele when they reach the adult age.

Methods: We report the results of the neurourological physical examination and video urodynamic tests of 52 adult patients born with myelomeningocele, with ages ranging from 18 to 14 years (mean age 20.7) controlled over the last 14 years in the Urodynamics Unit of the Hospital Gregorio Morañon in Madrid.

[Evolution of the transrectal ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy technique].

To analyze the various techniques of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate described in the literature, as well as the anesthesia modalities for its performance. The diagnostic yield of the classic sextant biopsy, described 16 years ago and considered the standard technique ever since, has been overcome by the extended biopsy techniques (greater number of cores from more prostatic areas in each biopsy). Although their intra-study yield is better than sextant biopsy, the scarce randomized studies have not demonstrated a statistically significant improvement.

[Relation of age and prostatic volume to cancer detection in prostatic biopsies from patients with non-suspect rectal palpation].

Objectives: To evaluate which clinical variables are predictive for prostate cancer and possible relationships among them, in patients with elevated PSA and non suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) undergoing first prostate biopsy.

Methods: 1618 patients with elevated PSA and non suspicious DRE who underwent sextant peripheral prostate biopsy were selected from our database. PSA, age, prostate volume, and detectable nodule by ultrasound were selected as variables related to cancer detection in first and second biopsies.