Endoscopic forehead rejuvenation: II. Long-term results.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term objective and subjective outcomes in patients who have undergone endoscopic forehead rejuvenation.

Methods: Preoperative and postoperative photographs of 100 patients who underwent endoscopic forehead rejuvenation by one surgeon (B.G.

Single-site botulinum toxin type a injection for elimination of migraine trigger points.

Background: Botulinum toxin may be effective in suppressing migraine. Most injection regimens utilized have involved multiple sites.

Purpose: To evaluate prospectively the effect of botulinum toxin type A injections into the corrugator supercilii muscles alone on the frequency and severity of migraine.

Nasal tip sutures part II: the interplays.

The achievement of consistently superior results in rhinoplasty is rendered difficult in part by a number of complex interplays between the anatomical structures of the nose and the techniques used for their alteration, such as tip sutures. The effects of sutures depend largely on the magnitude of suture tightening, the intrinsic forces on the cartilages, cartilage thickness, and the degree of soft-tissue undermining. The tip complex is perhaps the most intricate of the nasal structures, exhibiting subtle but evident responses to manipulations of the lower lateral cartilages.

Nasal tip sutures part I: the evolution.

Suture techniques for reshaping the nasal tip have been in use for many decades. However, the past two decades have been the most influential in the advancement of the procedures commonly used today. This report details the origin of the major tip suture techniques and tracks their evolution through the years.

Caudal nasal deviation.

Caudal nasal deviation, manifested by a "crooked tip," asymmetric nostrils, and a deviated columella, is one of the most challenging deformities encountered in rhinoplasty. This entity is often ignored by rhinoplasty surgeons, on the basis of the assumption that correction of other segments of the deviated nose will improve the caudal nose. Failure to correct this imperfection (or, occasionally, deformity) invariably produces suboptimal results.