Anthropogenic underwater noise: A review on physiological and molecular responses of marine biota.

The detrimental effects of anthropogenic underwater noise on marine organisms have garnered significant attention among scientists. This review delves into the research concerning the repercussions of underwater noise on marine species, with specific emphasis on the physiological and molecular responses of marine biota. This review investigates the sensory mechanisms, hearing sensitivity, and reaction thresholds of diverse marine organisms, shedding light on their susceptibility to underwater noise disturbances.

Aflatoxin B1 targeted gene expression profiles in human placental primary trophoblast cells.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin produced by and A high exposure (40 nM and 1 µM AFB1 for 72 h) was used to study mechanistic effects of AFB1 on gene expression patterns in human primary trophoblast cells, isolated from full term placentae after delivery. Gene expression profiling was conducted, and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software was used to identify AFB1-regulated gene networks and regulatory pathways. In response to 40 nM AFB1, only 7 genes were differentially expressed whereas 1 µM AFB1 significantly dysregulated 170 genes (124 down- and 46 upregulated, ±1.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist β-naphthoflavone regulated gene networks in human primary trophoblasts.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is highly expressed in placenta. AhR belongs to a class of transcriptional regulators that control many developmental and physiological events (e.g.

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) ligand pioglitazone regulated gene networks in term human primary trophoblast cells.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) is a nuclear receptor that is highly expressed in placenta. In this study, the PPAR-γ regulated gene networks were characterized in human primary trophoblast cells in vitro. The trophoblasts were isolated from full term placenta after delivery and exposed to 20 μM of the PPAR-γ agonist, pioglitazone, for 72 h and gene expression profiles were examined.

New glutathione conjugate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by human cytosolic enzyme-dependent reactions in vitro.

Rationale: The toxic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are initially formed by cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation reactions and primarily eliminated as glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Although the reaction between the reactive metabolites and GSH can occur spontaneously, the role of the cytosolic enzymes in the process has not been studied.

Methods: The toxic metabolites of selected PAs (retrorsine, monocrotaline, senecionine, lasiocarpine, heliotrine or senkirkine) were generated by incubating them in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.