The effect of supplemental arginine on the gut microbial homeostasis of broilers during sub-clinical necrotic enteritis challenge.

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an enteric disease of poultry that alters the structure of the gut microbial community causing dysbiosis. This 28 day experiment investigated the effects of 125% and 135% arginine diets on the gut microbial diversity and composition of broilers during a subclinical NE challenge. One hundred and twenty one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with six replicates each- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135% diet groups.

MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis.

Effect of 125% and 135% arginine on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune responses of broilers during necrotic enteritis challenge.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 25% and 35% arginine supplementation in partially alleviating the effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge on the production performance, intestinal integrity, and relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers. Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to the 4 treatments- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135%. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 10Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 10 CFU/bird C.

Effect of arginine supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune responses of broilers during necrotic enteritis challenge.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 25% arginine supplementation as a functional amino acid in partially alleviating the detrimental effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, gut integrity, and the relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers during NE. Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement -basal diet and 125% arginine diet, with or without NE challenge. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 10Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 10 CFU/bird C.

Supplementing low protein diets with methionine or threonine during mixed Eimeria challenge.

We investigated the effects of supplementing low protein diets with methionine (Met) or threonine (Thr) during a mixed Eimeria (consisting of E. acervulina, E. maxima and E.

Characterizing the Effect of Challenge on Growth Performance, Cecal Microbiota, and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Broilers.

This study aimed to understand the effect of challenge on the cecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration to form a better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction. Sixty broilers were randomly allocated into two treatments: control and challenge. Each treatment was replicated in six pens with five birds per pen.

Beyond protein synthesis: the emerging role of arginine in poultry nutrition and host-microbe interactions.

Arginine is a functional amino acid essential for various physiological processes in poultry. The dietary essentiality of arginine in poultry stems from the absence of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I. The specific requirement for arginine in poultry varies based on several factors, such as age, dietary factors, and physiological status.

Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies.

is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in poultry. Contaminated poultry eggs and meat products are the major sources of human infection.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production performance and severity of necrotic enteritis in broilers during an experimental necrotic enteritis challenge.

To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic during a necrotic enteritis (NE) infection, a total of 360 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups in a 2 × 2 factorial setup: control, challenge, synbiotic (1 g/kg), and challenge + synbiotic, with 6 replicates. NE was induced by gavaging 1 × 10Eimeria maxima oocysts and 1 × 10 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (D14) and D19, 20, and 21, respectively. At D35, the NE challenge decreased the BW gain (P < 0.

The effects of arginine and branched-chain amino acid supplementation to reduced-protein diet on intestinal health, cecal short-chain fatty acid profiles, and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria spp.

We investigated the effects of supplementing arginine (Arg) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in broilers fed reduced-protein diets and challenged with Eimeria spp. All birds were fed the same starter diet meeting Cobb 500 nutrient specifications from d 1 to 9. Four grower diets: positive control (PC) with 20.

The Development of Gut Microbiota and Its Changes Following Infection in Broilers.

The gut is home to more than millions of bacterial species. The gut bacteria coexist with the host in a symbiotic relationship that can influence the host's metabolism, nutrition, and physiology and even module various immune functions. The commensal gut microbiota plays a crucial role in shaping the immune response and provides a continuous stimulus to maintain an activated immune system.

in Poultry: Pathogenesis and Control Strategies.

is the leading cause of human foodborne illness associated with poultry, beef, and pork consumption. is highly prevalent in commercial poultry farms, where horizontal transmission from the environment is considered to be the primary source of . As an enteric pathogen, expresses virulence factors regulated by a two-component system that mediates 's ability to survive in the host.

Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention.

type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE changes the physical properties of the gut, immunological status of birds, and disrupt the gut microbial homeostasis, causing an over-proliferation of . The principal virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NE are the α-toxin, β-toxin, and NetB toxin.

The Effect of Necrotic Enteritis Challenge on Production Performance, Cecal Microbiome, and Cecal Tonsil Transcriptome in Broilers.

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) infection on the production performance, gut microbiome, and cecal tonsil transcriptome in broiler birds. A total of 192 chicks were not-induced (control) or induced with NE. NE was induced by inoculating Eimeria maxima at 14 d of age and Clostridium perfringens at 19, 20, and 21 d of age.

Immunization of Broiler Chickens With a Killed Chitosan Nanoparticle Vaccine Decreases Enterica Serovar Enteritidis Load.

There is a critical need for an oral-killed vaccine for broilers. Chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) vaccines can be used to deliver antigens orally. We investigated the efficacy of a killed CNP vaccine on broilers.

Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Their Manipulation for Improved Growth and Performance in Chickens.

The gut of warm-blooded animals is colonized by microbes possibly constituting at least 100 times more genetic material of microbial cells than that of the somatic cells of the host. These microbes have a profound effect on several physiological functions ranging from energy metabolism to the immune response of the host, particularly those associated with the gut immune system. The gut of a newly hatched chick is typically sterile but is rapidly colonized by microbes in the environment, undergoing cycles of development.

Effects of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis and Heidelberg on host CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell suppressive immune responses in chickens.

Poultry infected with Salmonella mount an immune response initially, however the immune responses eventually disappear leading the bird to be a carrier of Salmonella. The hypothesis of this study is that Salmonella infection induces T regulatory cell numbers and cytokine production and suppress host T cells locally in the gut to escape the host immune responses. An experiment was conducted to comparatively analyze the effect of S.

Salmonella chitosan nanoparticle vaccine administration is protective against Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler birds.

Salmonella control strategies include vaccines that help reduce the spread of Salmonella in poultry flocks. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of administering a live Salmonella vaccine followed by a killed Salmonella chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) vaccine booster on the cellular and humoral immunity of broilers. The CNP vaccine was synthesized with Salmonella Enteritidis (S.

A Novel Approach against : A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Vaccines for Broilers and Layers.

This work discusses the present-day limitations of current commercial vaccines for broilers and layers and explores a novel approach towards poultry vaccination using biodegradable nanoparticle vaccines against . With the increasing global population and poultry production and consumption, is a potential health risk for humans. The oral administration of killed or inactivated vaccines would provide a better alternative to the currently commercially available vaccines for poultry.

Characterizing the immune response of chickens to Campylobacter jejuni (Strain A74C).

Campylobacter is one of the major foodborne pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The immune response of broiler chickens to C. jejuni is under-researched.

Mannose-Modified Chitosan-Nanoparticle-Based Subunit OralVaccine-Induced Immune Response and Efficacy in a Challenge Trial in Broilers.

Controlling serovar Enteritidis (SE) infection in broilers is a huge challenge. In this study, our objective was to improve the efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle (CS)-based subunit vaccine for SE, containing immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMP) and flagellin (FLA), called the CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine, by surface conjugating it with mannose to target dendritic cells, and comparing the immune responses and efficacy with a commercial live vaccine in broilers. The CS(OMP+FLA)-based vaccines were administered orally at age 3 days and as a booster dose after three weeks, and the broilers were challenged with SE at 5 weeks of age.