Inhibitory control and working memory using saccadic eye movements in primary glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathic disorder that significantly impacts the activities of daily life (ADLs) of individuals. Emerging studies indicate degenerative changes in cortical and subcortical regions in individuals with glaucoma, which are associated with cognitive processes and oculomotor control. Cognitive processes involving top-down processes such as attention, planning, task management and execution, are crucial for meeting the demands of everyday tasks, and are affected in glaucoma.

Performance of home-based self-tonometry (iCare HOME (TA022)) for measuring intraocular pressure among healthy and glaucoma patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare iCare HOME (TA022) with Goldmann applanation tonometer and to evaluate the self-tonometry measurements among the Indian population. Eligible patients underwent iCare HOME training through guided demonstration (verbal, pictorial, video) and practised self-tonometry measures using iCare HOME. Certification for independent iCare HOME measure was provided if first iCare HOME intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement fell within ± 5 mmHg of Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) measurement which was measured by the trained clinician (principal investigator).

Design and development of a noninvasive ocular pressure estimator.

Significance: A snapshot intraocular pressure (IOP) is ineffective in identifying the IOP peak and fluctuation, especially during sleep. Because IOP variability plays a significant role in the progression of glaucoma, monitoring the IOP, especially during sleep, is essential to capture the dynamic nature of IOP.

Purpose: We aimed to design an ocular pressure estimator (OPE) that can reliably and accurately measure the IOP noninvasively over closed-eyelid condition.

Visual Field Evaluation Using Zippy Adaptive Threshold Algorithm (ZATA) Standard and ZATA Fast in Patients With Glaucoma and Healthy Individuals.

Purpose: To evaluate visual fields obtained with Zippy Adaptive Threshold Algorithm (ZATA) Standard and ZATA Fast from patients with glaucoma and healthy individuals.

Methods: Fifty-five patients with glaucoma (median mean deviation [MD], -7.6 dB; interquartile range [IQR], -15.

Does the sampling frequency of an eye tracker affect the detection of glaucomatous visual field loss?

Purpose: Evidence suggests that eye movements have potential as a tool for detecting glaucomatous visual field defects. This study evaluated the influence of sampling frequency on eye movement parameters in detecting glaucomatous visual field defects during a free-viewing task.

Methods: We investigated eye movements in two sets of experiments: (a) young adults with and without simulated visual field defects and (b) glaucoma patients and age-matched controls.

Finite element method for estimation of applanation force and to study the influence of intraocular pressure of eye on tonometry.

Purpose: Discover the associations of force of applanation on the eye with the plunging depth of the cornea and quantify them. The results will be utilized as the feedback parameter in the new prototype development of eye care instruments as additional force may damage the internal structure of the eye or may result in erroneous output.

Method: A finite element-based eye model is designed utilizing the actual dimensions of the human eye.

Role of microperimetry in evaluating disease progression in age-related macular degeneration: a scoping review.

Purpose: Recent research has found variable evidence on the role of mesopic and dark-adapted scotopic microperimetry assessment in age-related macular degeneration. This scoping review summarises how mesopic and scotopic microperimetry can be used to assess disease progression in age-related macular degeneration and identifies gaps in the literature.

Methods: A population, concept, and context approach was used to develop the search strategy.

Development and validation of competency framework for teaching management of refractive errors: A participatory Delphi approach.

Purpose: Competency-based education and assessment are globally trending, also embraced by recently announced National education policy 2020, India. Medical programs are rapidly transforming to produce competent health professionals, to satisfy public health requirements. This paper describes Delphi study with a participatory approach, to develop a competency matrix required for training of eye care professionals.

Efficacy of blink software in improving the blink rate and dry eye symptoms in visual display terminal users - A single-blinded randomized control trial.

Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease, more prevalent among visual display terminal users. Reduced blink rate is a risk factor to dry eye disorder, innovative means to remind to blink while using computers can be helpful.

Methods: Single-blinded Randomized Control Trial enrolled computer users with dry eye.

Impact of living with a bilateral central vision loss due to geographic atrophy-qualitative study.

Objective: Geographic atrophy (GA), a type of dry age-related macular degeneration, affects vision as central vision loss (CVL). The challenges faced due to bilateral CVL in activities of daily living and strategies taken to overcome those challenges are not very well understood in the Indian population. This qualitative study aims to understand the impact on everyday life activities and related adaptive and coping strategies in people with long-standing bilateral CVL due to GA in India.

Revitalizing journal clubs: Millennial perspectives for enhancing student learning and engagement.

Background: Current trends in health professions education are aligned to meet the needs of the millennial learner. The aim of this study was to identify learners' perceptions of an ongoing journal club (JC) activity in the optometry curriculum and evaluate the utility and efficiency of this method in promoting student learning.

Methods: A qualitative approach with a phenomenological research design was adopted.

Comparison of endpoint of subjective cycloplegic refraction with artificial aperture and post-mydriatic test among adults with refractive error.

Purpose: There is a need to understand the requirement for the post-mydriatic test (PMT) among adults for the final prescription of spectacles as this test increases the cost of eye care and causes inconvenience to the patient because of the additional visit to an eye care practitioner. We aim to compare the cycloplegic subjective refraction using apertures of various sizes and PMT in an adult population.

Methods: This prospective crossover study was conducted under standard settings in an eye clinic.

Agreement and repeatability of Icare ic100 tonometer.

Purpose: To find the agreement and repeatability of Icare ic100 tonometer.

Methods: We included 150 subjects above the age of 18 years for this cross-sectional, multicenter study with intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥7 mmHg. After the initial ophthalmic examination, two masked examiners took five IOP measurements using three different instruments; Icare ic100, Icare TA01i, and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) in only one eye of the participants.

Performance of Plusoptix A09 Photo Screener in Refractive Error Screening in School Children Aged between 5 and 15 Years in the Southern Part of India.

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of Plusoptix A09 in detecting ametropia, warranted against frequently-used technique of retinoscopy in children attending school (5-15 years) and its probability as a screening tool.

Methods: This study was the subset of a larger epidemiological study visual acuity refractive error squint conducted in schools to determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity among the 5-15 years' school children population. Every 7 student in the class (each school had mean value of 100 students) was randomly selected for this study after ascertaining their eligibility as per the inclusion criteria.

Prevalence of visual impairment in school-going children among the rural and urban setups in the Udupi district of Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional study.

Aim: The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of visual impairment among school-going children in Udupi district, Karnataka.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study across eleven schools from both urban and rural parts of Udupi taluk was conducted to report the magnitude of visual impairment among the schoolchildren. Complex survey design was used in allocating the sample size through stratification and clustering.

Glaucoma and its association with obstructive sleep apnea: A narrative review.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the systemic risk factors for glaucoma which causes irreversible visual field (VF) damage. We reviewed the published data of all types of studies on the association between these two conditions and papers regarding functional and structural changes related to glaucomatous damage using Scopus, web of science, and PubMed databases. There is evidence that the prevalence of glaucoma is higher in OSA patients, which independent of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Six-year incidence of ocular hypertension in a South Indian population: the Chennai eye disease incidence study.

Aims: To report the 6-year incidence and risk factors for ocular hypertension (OHT) in a population-based study in southern India.

Methods: 6 years after baseline evaluation, 56.9% subjects (participants:non-participants, 4421:3353) were re-examined at the base hospital.

Virtually controlled computerised visual acuity screening in a multilingual Indian population.

Introduction: The efficacy of tele-based (virtually monitored) visual acuity (VA) examination in a hospital-based multilingual population was assessed based on subjects from the Outpatient Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University and Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India.

Methods: Visual acuity measurement using a computerized VA chart (COMPlog) was done using a telemethod and face-to-face method in a randomized fashion for all subjects. Virtual (remotely operated) control of examination procedure and video-conferencing helped the optometrist positioned elsewhere (different physical location) to remotely operate the COMPlog VA chart and also interact with the subjects.

Baseline risk factors for incidence of blindness in a South Indian population: the chennai eye disease incidence study.

Purpose: To report the baseline risk factors and causes for incident blindness.

Methods: Six years after the baseline study, 4419 subjects from the cohort underwent a detailed examination at the base hospital. Incident blindness was defined by World Health Organization criteria as visual acuity of less than 6/120 (3/60) and/or a visual field of less than 10° in the better-seeing eye at the 6-year follow-up, provided that the eye had a visual acuity of better than or equal to 6/120 (3/60) and visual field greater than 10° at baseline.

Predictors for incidence of primary open-angle glaucoma in a South Indian population: the Chennai eye disease incidence study.

Objective: To determine the 6-year incidence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and its associated predictors.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

Participants: A total of 4316 subjects without POAG at baseline who were 40 years of age and older from a south Indian population.

Six-year incidence of angle-closure disease in a South Indian population: the Chennai Eye Disease Incidence Study.

Purpose: To estimate the 6-year incidence of primary angle-closure (PAC) disease among adult population aged 40 years and older from rural and urban south India.

Design: Population-based longitudinal study.

Methods: A complete ophthalmologic examination, including applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, biometry, stereoscopic fundus examination, and automated perimetry was performed at both baseline and at the 6-year follow up at base hospital.

Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an urban population: The Chennai Glaucoma Study.

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an urban south Indian population.

Settings And Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Exactly 3850 subjects aged 40 years and above from Chennai city were examined at a dedicated facility in the base hospital.

Efficacy of a remote based computerised visual acuity measurement.

Aim: To determine the efficacy of a remotely operated computer-based logarithmic (logMAR) visual acuity chart.

Methods: Visual acuity was tested using a laptop or computer-based logMAR chart (COMPlog) for all subjects by two different methods. The methods differed by the physical presence and absence (remote) of an optometrist and in the mode of instructions provided.