Medical Misinformation in AI-Assisted Self-Diagnosis: Development of a Method (EvalPrompt) for Analyzing Large Language Models.

Background: Rapid integration of large language models (LLMs) in health care is sparking global discussion about their potential to revolutionize health care quality and accessibility. At a time when improving health care quality and access remains a critical concern for countries worldwide, the ability of these models to pass medical examinations is often cited as a reason to use them for medical training and diagnosis. However, the impact of their inevitable use as a self-diagnostic tool and their role in spreading health care misinformation has not been evaluated.

DL4Burn: Burn Surgical Candidacy Prediction using Multimodal Deep Learning.

Burn wounds are most commonly evaluated through visual inspection to determine surgical candidacy, taking into account burn depth and individualized patient factors. This process, though cost effective, is subjective and varies by provider experience. Deep learning models can assist in burn wound surgical candidacy with predictions based on the wound and patient characteristics.

Artificial Intelligence Applications in Urology: Reporting Standards to Achieve Fluency for Urologists.

The growth and adoption of artificial intelligence has led to impressive results in urology. As artificial intelligence grows more ubiquitous, it is important to establish artificial intelligence literacy in the workforce. To this end, we present a narrative review of the literature of artificial intelligence and machine learning in urology and propose a checklist of reporting standards to improve readability and evaluate the current state of the literature.

Road to automating robotic suturing skills assessment: Battling mislabeling of the ground truth.

Objective: To automate surgeon skills evaluation using robotic instrument kinematic data. Additionally, to implement an unsupervised mislabeling detection algorithm to identify potentially mislabeled samples that can be removed to improve model performance.

Methods: Video recordings and instrument kinematic data were derived from suturing exercises completed on the Mimic FlexVR robotic simulator.

Contribution of Toll-Like Receptors and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation of the synovial joints leading to cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis is sustained by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, which can be targeted therapeutically to alleviate disease severity. Several innate immune receptors are suggested to contribute to the chronic inflammation in RA, through the production of pro-inflammatory factors in response to endogenous danger signals.

Orbital spindle cell haemangioma: An uncommon entity!

Spindle Cell Haemangioma (SCH) is a benign vascular lesion, which commonly affects the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of distal extremities. The occurrence of SCH in the head and neck region and more so in the orbit is very few and rare. SCH should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis in vascular tumors of the orbit.

PolSIRD: Modeling Epidemic Spread Under Intervention Policies: Analyzing the First Wave of COVID-19 in the USA.

Epidemic spread in a population is traditionally modeled via compartmentalized models which represent the free evolution of disease in the absence of any intervention policies. In addition, these models assume full observability of disease cases and do not account for under-reporting. We present a mathematical model, namely PolSIRD, which accounts for the under-reporting by introducing an observation mechanism.

The clinical utility of total concentration of urinary globotriaosylsphingosine plus its analogues in the diagnosis of Fabry disease.

Background: Fabry disease (FD) is a genetic disorder caused by defective α-galactosidase-A enzyme due to mutations in the GLA gene. A reliable diagnosis in classical FD males can be made by measuring the enzyme activity while diagnosing classical FD females and non-classical FD patients requires mutation analysis. Plasma globotriaosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb) has progressively gained more importance as a diagnostic biomarker for FD in recent years.

The circadian clock components BMAL1 and REV-ERBα regulate flavivirus replication.

The circadian clock regulates immune responses to microbes and affects pathogen replication, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the circadian components BMAL1 and REV-ERBα influence several steps in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, including particle entry into hepatocytes and RNA genome replication. Genetic knock out of Bmal1 and over-expression or activation of REV-ERB with synthetic agonists inhibits the replication of HCV and the related flaviruses dengue and Zika via perturbation of lipid signaling pathways.

Defining renal phenotype in Alström syndrome.

Background: Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy with a wide spectrum of clinical features, including cone-rod retinal dystrophy, neuronal deafness, severe insulin resistance and major organ failure. The characteristics of renal disease in the syndrome have not been systematically described. The aim of this study is to define the onset and progression of renal disease in AS.

Interplay between circadian clock and viral infection.

The circadian clock underpins most physiological conditions and provides a temporal dimension to our understanding of body and tissue homeostasis. Disruptions of circadian rhythms have been associated with many diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancer. Recent literature highlights a role for the circadian clock to regulate innate and adaptive immune functions that may prime the host response to infectious organisms.

Diagnostic Performance of Whole-Body MRI as a Tool for Cancer Screening in Children With Genetic Cancer-Predisposing Conditions.

Objective: Children with cancer-predisposing conditions are at increased risk to develop and die of cancer. Limited data exist on the utility of whole-body MRI as a cancer screening tool in children. In this study, we examined the diagnostic performance of whole-body MRI as a mechanism of tumor surveillance for children at increased genetic risk for cancer.

Reference values of MRI measurements of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct in children.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging/cholangiopancreatography (MRI/MRCP) is now an essential imaging modality for the evaluation of biliary and pancreatic pathology in children, but there are no data depicting the normal diameters of the common bile duct (CBD) and pancreatic duct. Recognition of abnormal duct size is important and the increasing use of MRCP necessitates normal MRI measurements.

Objective: To present normal MRI measurements for the common bile duct and pancreatic duct in children.

Prediction of the onset of crystallization of amorphous sucrose below the calorimetric glass transition temperature from correlations with mobility.

The objective of the present work is to determine if crystallization onset observed for an amorphous solid correlate with relaxation time at temperatures above and below the calorimetric glass transition (T(g)). Crystallization onset of spray-dried and freeze-dried amorphous sucrose were measured calorimetrically. Relaxation times measured in two temperature ranges by different techniques (isothermal calorimetry, dielectric spectroscopy) followed the expected modified Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) behavior when extrapolated to a temperature near T(g).

Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze-drying, III: control and characterization of dryer differences via operational qualification tests.

The objective of this research was to estimate differences in heat and mass transfer between freeze dryers due to inherent design characteristics using data obtained from sublimation tests. This study also aimed to provide guidelines for convenient scale-up of the freeze-drying process. Data obtained from sublimation tests performed on laboratory-scale, pilot, and production freeze dryers were used to evaluate various heat and mass transfer parameters: nonuniformity in shelf surface temperatures, resistance of pipe, refrigeration system, and condenser.

Cake shrinkage during freeze drying: a combined experimental and theoretical study.

The aim of this study is to investigate, by experimental studies and theoretical analysis, the phenomenon of cake shrinkage during the lyophilization process and to investigate the effect of shelf temperature during primary drying and secondary drying on the degree of cake shrinkage. Freeze-drying experiments were performed using 5% w/v sucrose where the drying protocols were altered in order to produce differing product temperature profiles. Resistance data during freeze drying were evaluated by the Manometric Temperature Measurement (MTM) method.

The nonsteady state modeling of freeze drying: in-process product temperature and moisture content mapping and pharmaceutical product quality applications.

Introduction: Theoretical models of the freeze-drying process are potentially useful to guide the design of a freeze-drying process as well as to obtain information not readily accessible by direct experimentation, such as moisture distribution and glass transition temperature, Tg, within a vial during processing. Previous models were either restricted to the steady state and/or to one-dimensional problems. While such models are useful, the restrictions seriously limit applications of the theory.

Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze drying: II. Control and characterization of the degree of supercooling.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the ice nucleation temperature on the primary drying process using an ice fog technique for temperature-controlled nucleation. In order to facilitate scale up of the freeze-drying process, this research seeks to find a correlation of the product resistance and the degree of supercooling with the specific surface area of the product. Freeze-drying experiments were performed using 5% wt/vol solutions of sucrose, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and mannitol.

Recurrent mucinous carcinoma of the eyelid.

A case of recurrent mucinous carcinoma of the lid in a 40-year-old male is reported. Clinical differential diagnosis and histopathologic features are discussed.

Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze-drying, I: atypical radiation and the edge vial effect.

The aim of this study is to determine whether radiation heat transfer is responsible for the position dependence of heat transfer known as the edge vial effect. Freeze drying was performed on a laboratory-scale freeze dryer using pure water with vials that were fully stoppered but had precision cut metal tubes inserted in them to ensure uniformity in resistance to vapor flow. Sublimation rates were determined gravimetrically.

Myxoma of the orbit.

Myxomas are rare, benign neoplasms of mesenchymal origin that usually develop in soft tissues. As the clinical manifestations are non-specific, it is difficult to diagnose the tumour without biopsy and histopathological examination. We report a case of orbital myxoma with histopathological correlation.

Limitations of theophylline in the treatment of apnea of prematurity.

Theophylline is commonly used to treat apnea of prematurity. To determine the effectiveness of theophylline with respect to gestational and postnatal age, we conducted a controlled study in 43 premature infants with idiopathic apnea. Three of the 21 treated and eight of the 22 control infants developed respiratory failure.