The regenerative effect of exosomes isolated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts in mice created as a sciatic nerve crush injury model.

Background: Exosomes (Exos) are candidates for functional recovery and regeneration following sciatic nerve crushed (SNC) injury due to their composition which can accelerate tissue regeneration. Therefore, mouse embryonic fibroblast-derived exosomes were evaluated for their regenerative capacity in SNC injury.

Methods And Results: In the study, 40 Balb/c males (20 ± 5 g) and two pregnant mice (for embryonic fibroblast tissue) were used and crushed injury was induced in the left sciatic nerve with an aneurysm clamp.

KATP and TRPM2-like channels couple metabolic status to resting membrane potential of octopus neurons in the mouse ventral cochlear nucleus.

ATP-sensitive potassium (K) channels and transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels are commonly expressed both pre- and postsynaptically in the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesized that K and TRPM2 may couple metabolic status to the resting membrane potential of octopus neurons of the mouse ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). Therefore, we studied the expression of K channels and TRPM2 channels in octopus cells by immunohistochemical techniques and their contribution to neuronal electrical properties by the electrophysiological patch clamp technique.

Pindolol potentiates the antidepressant effect of venlafaxine by inhibiting 5-HT1A receptor in DRN neurons of mice.

Introduction: Antidepressants increase the level of 5-HT in the somatodendritic region of the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons in the first few days of their usage, which, in turn, inhibits the serotonergic neurons locally. Pindolol may eliminate this inhibition when used in combination with antidepressants.

Material And Methods: We aimed to determine the effect of pindolol on 5-HT1A receptor response in the DRN neurons, using voltage clamp recordings and prove the potentiation of antidepressant effect of venlafaxine by pindolol through behavior experiments.

Serotonin hyperpolarizes the dorsal raphe nucleus neurons of mice by activating G protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium channels.

Serotonin (5-HT) has an important role in the pathophysiology of the mood disorders like major depression and anxiety disorders in central nervous system. On the one hand, dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons send serotonergic projections to almost all brain regions. On the other hand, they affect themselves through 5-HT1A autoreceptors.

Modulation of the excitability of stellate neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of mice by TRPM2 channels.

Oxidative stress-induced Ca permeable transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels are expressed at high levels in the brain, appear to link neuronal excitability to cellular metabolism, and are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We aimed to study the electrophysiological properties of TRPM2 channels in stellate cells of the mouse ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) using molecular, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches. In the present study, the real time PCR analysis revealed the presence of the TRPM2 mRNA in the mouse VCN tissue.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) influence excitability of stellate neurons in the mouse cochlear nucleus.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent and proton-gated channels. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis whether ASICs might be involved in modifying the excitability of stellate cells in the cochlear nucleus (CN). We determined gene expressions of ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3 in the CN of BALB/mice.

Regular exercise, overweight/obesity and sedentary lifestyle cause adaptive changes in thiol-disulfide homeostasis.

Dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis is considered to have critical roles in maintenance of physiological functioning. We aimed to reveal whether there is any specific aberration in thiol-disulfide homeostasis in three distinct categories of individuals, including those who 1) exercise regularly (fitness group), 2) have a sedentary lifestyle (sedentary group) and 3) are overweight or obese (overweight/obese group). 72 male individuals were included in the study, 21 of whom were in fitness group, 28 of whom were overweight or obese and 23 of whom had a sedentary lifestyle.

ERG Channels Regulate Excitability in Stellate and Bushy Cells of Mice Ventral Cochlear Nucleus.

ERG (ether-a-go-go-related gene) channels are the members of the voltage-dependent potassium channel family, which have three subtypes, as ERG1 (Kv 11.1), ERG2 (Kv 11.2), and ERG3 (Kv11.

Modulation of Excitability of Stellate Neurons in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus of Mice by ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels.

Major voltage-activated ionic channels of stellate cells in the ventral part of cochlear nucleus (CN) were largely characterized previously. However, it is not known if these cells are equipped with other ion channels apart from the voltage-sensitive ones. In the current study, it was aimed to study subunit composition and function of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K) in stellate cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus.

Can adnexal torsion be predicted by measuring plasma heat shock protein 70 level? An experimental study.

Objective: To investigate the effect of adnexal torsion on the plasma heat shock protein 70 level and to determine whether plasma heat shock protein 70 can be used in the adnexal torsion diagnosis.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-one nulligravid 3-month-old female Wistar albino rats were randomly and equally allocated into three groups: study group (ovarian torsion) (n = 7), laparotomy group (sham operation) (n = 7) and control group (received no special treatment) (n = 7). Ovarian torsion model was created by twisting the right adnexa two times around its pedicle and fixing over the lateral pelvis with 6.

Flufenamic acid prevents behavioral manifestations of salicylate-induced tinnitus in the rat.

Introduction: Tinnitus is defined as a phantom auditory sensation, the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation. Given that flufenamic acid (FFA) blocks TRPM2 cation channels, resulting in reduced neuronal excitability, we aimed to investigate whether FFA suppresses the behavioral manifestation of sodium salicylate (SSA)-induced tinnitus in rats.

Material And Methods: Tinnitus was evaluated using a conditioned lick suppression model of behavioral testing.

Assessment of Synaptic Plasticity via Long-Term Potentiation in Young Mice on the Day after Acoustic Trauma: Implications for Tinnitus.

Objective: This experimental study evaluated the pathophysiological association of long-term potentiation (LTP)-mediated synaptic plasticity in tinnitus in 30 BALB/c mice.

Materials And Methods: Baseline hearing levels and tinnitus perception were examined with startle reflex time and gap detection time measurements using an acoustic stimulus of a 6-kHz pure tone at 90 dB sound pressure level (SPL) on post-natal day 16. The acoustic trauma group was exposed to 6-kHz pure tone at 120 dB SPL on post-natal day 16.

Insecticide imidacloprid influences cognitive functions and alters learning performance and related gene expression in a rat model.

The potential toxic effects of several pesticides, including imidacloprid on non-target organisms have not been clearly established. Also, the chronic effects of non-toxic doses on cognitive function in mammals are unknown. In this study, the effects of different doses of imidacloprid on learning and memory of infant and adult rats were evaluated, and the expressions of genes synthesizing proteins known to be associated with learning in brain tissues were also documented.

Effects of lamotrigine and topiramate on brain maturation and cognitive functions in offspring of pregnant rats - preliminary study.

Background: Antiepileptic drugs (AED) which are used to treat seizures in pregnant women, infants, and young children may cause cognitive impairment or other uncertain injury. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the negative effects of new AEDs like lamotrigine (LTG) and topiramate (TPM) in the developing brain are still unclear.

Objectives: To investigate the GFAP, NCAM and S100B levels in the whole brain of newborn rats on postnatal 1 day and in the hippocampus of adult rats to find out the effect of TPM and LTG on cognitive impairment and brain maturation.

Determination of the effects on learning and memory performance and related gene expressions of clothianidin in rat models.

Clothianidin (CLO) is one of the pesticides used to protect against insects, and its potential toxic effects on cognitive functions are not clearly known. This study aims to evaluate the possible effects of dose-dependent CLO on learning and memory in infant and adult male rats and the expression of related genes in the hippocampus. Doses of 2, 8 and 24 mg/kg of CLO were administered to newborn infant and adult albino Winstar rats in the form of gavage and dissolved in vehicle matter.

The effects of hydrated C(60) fullerene on gene expression profile of TRPM2 and TRPM7 in hyperhomocysteinemic mice.

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM2) and TRPM7 channels may be activated by oxidative stress. Hydrated C(60) fullerene (C(60)HyFn) have recently gained considerable attention as promising candidates for neurodegenerative states.

Effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide, clothianidin, on the reproductive organ system in adult male rats.

Clothianidin (CTD) is a novel, broad-spectrum insecticide. In the current study, it was aimed to study the effect of subchronic exposure to low doses of CTD (2, 8 and 24 mg/kg body weight/day) on the reproductive system in adult rats. CTD treatment did not significantly change serum testosterone level or sperm parameters (e.

Selenium modulates oxidative stress-induced TRPM2 cation channel currents in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells.

It has been recently reported that the essential antioxidant element selenium has protective effects on cytosolic Ca(2+) levels in cell lines. However, the effects of selenium on like transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) in response to oxidative stress (H(2) O(2) ) are not well understood. We investigated the effects of selenium on H(2) O(2) -induced TRPM2 channel currents in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line using patch-clamp and fura-2 fluorescence imaging techniques.

Generating synchrony from the asynchronous: compensation for cochlear traveling wave delays by the dendrites of individual brainstem neurons.

Broadband transient sounds, such as clicks and consonants, activate a traveling wave in the cochlea. This wave evokes firing in auditory nerve fibers that are tuned to high frequencies several milliseconds earlier than in fibers tuned to low frequencies. Despite this substantial traveling wave delay, octopus cells in the brainstem receive broadband input and respond to clicks with submillisecond temporal precision.

Insecticide imidacloprid induces morphological and DNA damage through oxidative toxicity on the reproductive organs of developing male rats.

We investigated whether treatment with imidacloprid would induce morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, antioxidant imbalance and apoptosis in the reproductive system of developing male rats. Twenty-four male rats were included in this 90-day study, starting at 7 days of age. The rats were divided into four groups.

Effects of clothianidin exposure on sperm quality, testicular apoptosis and fatty acid composition in developing male rats.

Clothianidin (CTD) is one of the latest members of the synthetic organic insecticides, the neonicotinoids. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate if daily oral administration of CTD at low doses for 90 days has any deleterious effects on reproductive functions of developing male rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each, assigned as control rats, or rats treated with 2 (CTD-2), 8 (CTD-8) or 32 (CTD-32) mg CTD/kg body weight by oral gavage.

Assessment of imidacloprid toxicity on reproductive organ system of adult male rats.

In the current study it was aimed to investigate the toxicity of low doses of imidacloprid (IMI) on the reproductive organ systems of adult male rats. The treatment groups received 0.5 (IMI-0.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) flower improves learning and memory performances impaired by diabetes mellitus in rats.

Oxidative stress induced by diabetes mellitus leads to damages in the brain, as a consequence of which cognitive functions is impaired. Therefore, for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, in addition to antidiabetics, antioxidants are used to cope with oxidative stress. The antioxidant ability of pomegranate flowers (PGF) to cope with the oxidative stress was investigated.

Protective effects of nanostructures of hydrated C(60) fullerene on reproductive function in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a well-recognized cause of male sexual dysfunction and impairments of male fertility. Streptozotocin (STZ) is used for medical treatment of neoplastic islet β-cells of pancreas and producing of animal model of diabetes mellitus type 1 that is characterized by suppression of reproductive activity due to the hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in testes. Seeking for the agents that could alleviate diabetes-induced damage to reproductive system is yet the important area of inquiry.

The multiple functions of T stellate/multipolar/chopper cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus.

Acoustic information is brought to the brain by auditory nerve fibers, all of which terminate in the cochlear nuclei, and is passed up the auditory pathway through the principal cells of the cochlear nuclei. A population of neurons variously known as T stellate, type I multipolar, planar multipolar, or chopper cells forms one of the major ascending auditory pathways through the brainstem. T Stellate cells are sharply tuned; as a population they encode the spectrum of sounds.