MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia-A Case-Control In Silico Analysis.

Preeclampsia (PE) occurs in 5% to 7% of all pregnancies, and the PE that results from abnormal placentation acts as a primary cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this secondary analysis was to elucidate the pathogenesis of PE by probing protein-protein interactions from in silico analysis of transcriptomes between PE and normal placenta from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE149812). The pathogenesis of PE is apparently determined by associations of miRNA molecules and their target genes and the degree of changes in their expressions with irregularities in the functions of hemostasis, vascular systems, and inflammatory processes at the fetal-maternal interface.

MicroRNAs and Their Associated Genes Regulating the Acrosome Reaction in Sperm of High- versus Low-Fertility Holstein Bulls.

Bioinformatics envisage experimental data as illustrated biological networks, exploring roles of individual proteins and their interactions with other proteins in regulation of biological functions. The objective was to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and their associated genes regulating the acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm of high- compared to low-fertility dairy bulls and to elucidate biological functional pathways using a systems biology approach, featuring miRNA-mRNA cluster analysis. Categorized bovine-specific miRNAs ( = 84) were analyzed by RT-PCR; 19 were differentially expressed in high- compared to low-fertility sperm ( ≤ 0.

Differentially Expressed Candidate miRNAs of Day 16 Bovine Embryos on the Regulation of Pregnancy Establishment in Dairy Cows.

Recent advances in high-throughput in silico techniques translate experimental data into meaningful biological networks through which the role of individual proteins, interactions, and their biological functions are comprehended. The study objective was to identify differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs between the day 16 competent, elongated embryo from normal cows and the day 16 noncompetent, tubular embryos from repeat breeder cows, assimilate DE-miRNAs to their target genes, and group target genes based on biological function using in silico methods. The 84 prioritized bovine-specific miRNAs were investigated by RT-PCR, and the results showed that 19 were differentially expressed (11 up- and 8 down-regulated) in the competent embryos compared to noncompetent ones ( ≤ 0.

In Silico Analysis of miRNA-Mediated Genes in the Regulation of Dog Testes Development from Immature to Adult Form.

High-throughput in-silico techniques help us understand the role of individual proteins, protein-protein interaction, and their biological functions by corroborating experimental data as epitomized biological networks. The objective of this investigation was to elucidate the association of miRNA-mediated genes in the regulation of dog testes development from immature to adult form by in-silico analysis. Differentially expressed (DE) canine testis miRNAs between healthy immature (2.

Investigation of Sperm and Seminal Plasma Candidate MicroRNAs of Bulls with Differing Fertility and In Silico Prediction of miRNA-mRNA Interaction Network of Reproductive Function.

Recent advances in high-throughput in silico techniques portray experimental data as exemplified biological networks and help us understand the role of individual proteins, interactions, and their biological functions. The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed (DE) sperm and seminal plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) in high- and low-fertile Holstein bulls (four bulls per group), integrate miRNAs to their target genes, and categorize the target genes based on biological process predictions. Out of 84 bovine-specific, prioritized miRNAs analyzed by RT-PCR, 30 were differentially expressed in high-fertile sperm and seminal plasma compared to low-fertile sperm and seminal plasma, respectively ( ≤ 0.

Sertoli, Leydig, and Spermatogonial Cells' Specific Gene and Protein Expressions as Dog Testes Evolve from Immature into Mature States.

Sertoli, Leydig, and spermatogonial cells proliferate and differentiate from birth to puberty and then stay stable in adulthood. We hypothesized that expressions of spermatogenesis-associated genes are not enhanced with a mere increase of these cells' numbers. To accept this postulation, we investigated the abundances of Sertoli cell-specific and , Leydig cell-specific and , and spermatogonia-specific and markers in immature and mature canine testis.

Difference in Body Weight at Breeding Affects Reproductive Performance in Replacement Beef Heifers and Carries Consequences to Next Generation Heifers.

Nutrition imprinting carries consequences across generations. The effect of 55% vs. 65% of mature cow body weight (MBW; 545 kg) at breeding on the reproductive performance of heifers and their offspring was investigated.

Pregnancy and offspring sex ratio following insemination with SexedULTRA and conventional semen in cows in a commercial beef operation.

Pregnancy rate per AI (PR/AI) and breeding season pregnancy rates between insemination with sexed semen (SS; at 18 hr after the onset of oestrus) and conventional semen (CS; at 12 hr after the onset of oestrus,) and offspring gender ratio between two groups were compared. Angus cross cows (n = 686, during 2019 and 2020 breeding seasons) were oestrus-synchronized using Select-Synch + CIDR protocol and were observed thrice daily for oestrus until 72 hr after PGF2α administration. Cows expressed oestrus (n = 513) were inseminated with either SS (n = 246; SexedULTRA 4M™; y chromosome-bearing sperm) or CS (n = 267).

Impact of heat stress on embryonic development during first 16 days of gestation in dairy cows.

Objective was to elucidate the effects of heat stress (HS) on embryo development during first 16 gestational days (GD) and circulating hormone concentrations on GD-16 in lactating Holstein cows. Cows in HS and control (CON) groups were exposed to temperature humidity index (THI) of ≥ 73 and < 73, respectively, for 3 weeks before the experiment. GD-7 (67 vs 49%) and GD-16 (52 vs.

Association of gastrointestinal parasite burden, serum cytokines and hormones concentrations, and pregnancy in Angus-cross beef cows.

The objective was to elucidate the relationships among gastrointestinal (GI) parasite load, serum cytokines (Th 1 - Interleukin (IL) 2, Interferon (IFN) γ and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α; Th 2- IL4, IL6, and IL10) levels, hormones (progesterone, cortisol, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha (isoprostane), prolactin, substance-p, and prostaglandin F metabolites) concentrations, and pregnancy in beef cattle. Angus-cross beef cows (n = 700; age, 3-8 y) were blocked by age and body condition score (BCS, 1-9), and were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 350, TRT, 50 mg of eprinomectin/50 kg BW, im) or control (n = 350, CON, no treatment) on Day -30. Cows were synchronized using Controlled Internal Drug Release insert (CIDR) + CO-Synch protocol and artificially inseminated at a fixed time on Day 0 (66 h after CIDR removal).

mRNA Expressions of Candidate Genes in Gestational Day 16 Conceptus and Corresponding Endometrium in Repeat Breeder Dairy Cows with Suboptimal Uterine Environment Following Transfer of Different Quality Day 7 Embryos.

Effect of the gestational day (GD) 7 embryo quality grade (QG) and subclinical endometritis (SCE) on mRNA and protein expressions of candidate genes [Interferon-τ (), IFN stimulated genes (), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (), Retinoid X receptors ( and ), and Mucin-1 ()] in GD16 conceptus and corresponding endometrium were evaluated. After screening of performance records ( = 2389) and selection of repeat breeders ( = 681), cows with SCE (≥6% polymorphonuclear neutrophils-PMN; = 180) and no-SCE (<6%PMN; = 180) received GD7 embryos of different QGs. Based on GD16 conceptus recovery, cows with SCE ( = 30) and No- SCE ( = 30) that received GD7 embryos QG1 (good, = 20), 2 (fair, = 20), and 3 (poor, = 20) were included for gene analysis.

Antibiotics Use in Food Animal Production: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance: Where Are We Now in Combating AMR?

The use of antibiotics has been very beneficial to human health, animal wellbeing, and food production, however, there are no alternatives to antimicrobials in treating infectious diseases. Their use can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, but the world has realized the need to combat antimicrobial resistance in recent decades due to the continued escalation of the problem jeopardizing human and veterinary medicine and food and environmental safety. Understanding the AMR and judicious use of antimicrobials are critical, and one health approach involving several sectors and multiple disciplines is important to tackle the problem.

Day 7 embryo quality and suboptimal uterine environment influence morphometry of Day 16 conceptus in dairy cows.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Day 7 embryo quality and subclinical endometritis (SCE) in repeat breeder recipient cows on morphometry of Day 16 embryo and to determine the association of %PMN, serum progesterone and Day 16 conceptus length. Holstein dairy cows that failed to conceive at least 3 times, (parity, 3 and 4; body condition score, 3 to 3.5 out of 5) with subclinical endometritis (n = 180; SCE, >6% PMN on endometrial cytology) or without subclinical endometritis (n = 180; No-SCE, ≤ 6% PMN) were selected.

Transcript abundance of anti-Mullérian hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor predicted superstimulatory response in embryo donor Holstein cows.

The goal was to investigate the relationship among mRNA expressions of anti-Mullérian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and responses to superovulation (SO) in embryo donor dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 19) were submitted to a standard SO protocol, with twice daily FSH treatments, and artificially inseminated. Prior to SO (Day 0), relative mRNA expressions of AMH and FSHR in blood were determined for all cows.

Reduced gastrointestinal worm burden following long term parasite control improves body condition and fertility in beef cows.

The objective of this study was to compare effects of gastrointestinal parasite control over a long vs short term (PC-LT vs. PC-ST) on fecal parasite load, body condition and pregnancy in beef cows. On Day 0, fecal samples were collected from Angus cross cows (n = 1462) and they were assigned a body condition score (BCS: 1, emaciated; 9, Obese) and randomly divided into two groups (within location) to receive extended-release eprinomectin [PC-LT; n = 749; 50 mg/50 kg body weight (BW)] or pour-on ivermectin (PC-ST; n = 713; 25 mg/50 kg BW).

Estrous response and pregnancy percentages following use of a progesterone-based, split-time estrous synchronization treatment regimens in beef heifers.

Mean estrous response rate (%ERR) and pregnancy/AI percentages (%P/AI) were determined after imposing split-time AI (STAI) and fixed time AI (FTAI) following 14-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR)+PGF2α or 5-d Select Synch + CIDR regimens. In Experiment 1, 1152 heifers (five locations) were randomly assigned to 14- or 5-d and to 54 + 74- or 64 + 84-h STAI treatment combinations. Estrous detection patches were affixed at PGF2α administration (19 day after- and on day 5 at- CIDR removal for 14- and 5-d regimens, respectively), assessed at 54- or 64-h and again at 74- or 84-h after PGF2α.

Effects of twice daily compared with split-time estrous detection on pregnancy percentage in recipient beef cows.

Objectives were to compare pregnancy percentages per embryo transfer (P/ET) in recipient beef cows following twice daily compared with split-time estrous detection and to determine associations of dominant follicle diameter, CL volume and progesterone concentrations. All cows (n = 695) were treated to synchronize time of estrus among cows using a CIDR + Select-Synch treatment regimen and randomly assigned to twice-daily or split-time estrous detection (CS-DEET or CS-SEET, respectively). Cows in the CS-DEET group were observed twice daily (eight times) for estrus until 96 h after the time of PGF2α administration, whereas cows in the CS-SEET group were observed twice (64 and 84 h after PGF2α).

Presynchronization with CIDR, with or without GnRH, prior to CO-Synch in beef heifers.

Objectives were to compare ovarian responses and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in Angus-cross beef heifers (n = 521; 4 locations) synchronized with CIDR-CO-Synch (CCOS) versus CIDR-GnRH-CO-Synch (CGCOS) protocols. Heifers were assigned a reproductive tract score (RTS: 1, immature, acyclic; 5, mature, cyclic), body condition score (BCS: 1, emaciated; 9, obese) and temperament score (0, calm, 1, excitable). Heifers in the CCOS (n = 261) group received a CIDR on Day -20 (removed on Day -13), 100 μg GnRH on Day -10, 25 mg PGF2α on Day -3 and were timed inseminated 60 h later, with concomitant GnRH (Day 0).

An Efficient Approach for RNA Extraction from Boar Sperm and Seminal Plasma.

Despite transcriptional silencing in mature sperm and cytoplasmic expulsion of RNA during the final sperm maturation process, thousands of RNAs have been successfully identified in ejaculated sperm. Although most of RNAs' function is still unknown, it is suggested that sperm RNAs have a vital biological role in fertilization and post-fertilization events. Nevertheless, the lack of accurate RNA isolation techniques and the resultant good quality sperm RNA has hampered the exploration of sperm RNAs function.

A Method to Isolate CD34+ Mononuclear Cells from Canine Peripheral Blood.

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent whereas adult stem cells are multipotent in nature. In recent years, evidence suggests that adult stem cells not only differentiate into specific cell lineages but also transdifferentiate into multiple cell lineages. Progenitor cells are found in adult bone marrow, blood, and other organs and differentiate into numerous cell lineages regardless of origin.

Patterns of expression of sperm and seminal plasma microRNAs in boar semen.

Although sperm and seminal plasma differ in their origin, biophysical and biochemical properties of seminal plasma influence the sperm function. Seminal plasma is a fluid medium containing substances from testes, epididymides and accessory glands. Composition of seminal plasma varies among animal species and in boars, prostate and bulbourethral glands are major contributors to the volume and contents.

Aggressive attempted escape behavior during head-lock restraint reduced reproductive performances in Holstein heifers.

The objective was to determine associations between behavior during head-lock restraint and reproductive performance in dairy heifers. Behavior of 817 Holstein heifers from four farms was evaluated at feeding (Days 0 and 7) while restrained in a self-locking stanchion. All heifers were assigned a body condition score (BCS; 1, emaciated to 5, obese) on Day 0.

Subclinical Pregnancy Toxemia-Induced Gene Expression Changes in Ovine Placenta and Uterus.

The objective was to elucidate gene expression differences in uterus, caruncle, and cotyledon of ewes with subclinical pregnancy toxemia (SCPT) and healthy ewes, and to identify associated biological functions and pathways involved in pregnancy toxemia. On Day 136 (±1 day) post-breeding, ewes (n = 18) had body condition score (BCS; 1-5; 1, emaciated; 5, obese) assessed, and blood samples were collected for plasma glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) analyses. The ewes were euthanized, and tissue samples were collected from the gravid uterus and placentomes.

Fertility of Holstein heifers after two doses of PGF2α in 5-day CO-Synch progesterone-based synchronization protocol.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of three different PGF2α (PGF) treatments in the 5-day CO-Synch progesterone-based synchronization protocol on artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rate (PR) in Holstein heifers in Turkey and the United States. We hypothesized that two doses of PGF administered concurrently or 6 hours apart would result in greater AI pregnancy compared with a single dose of PGF on Day 5 at controlled internal drug release (CIDR) removal. In Turkey, Holstein heifers (n = 450) from one farm in the province of Adana and another farm in the province of Bursa were included.