Advancements in Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing: Process, Materials, Optimization, Applications, and Challenges.

Cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) is a cutting-edge high-speed additive manufacturing process enabling the production of high-strength components without relying on traditional high-temperature methods. Unlike other techniques, CSAM produces oxide-free deposits and preserves the feedstock's original characteristics without adversely affecting the substrate. This makes it ideal for industries requiring materials that maintain structural integrity.

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA).

Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques.