Autoimmune Vestibulocerebellar Syndromes.

Autoimmune disorders affecting the vestibular end organs, vestibular pathways, vestibular nuclei, and vestibulocerebellum are often underrecognized as a cause of chronic dizziness and ataxia. Autoantibodies specific for cell-surface, synaptic, and intracellular neural antigens serve as biomarkers of these disorders. This article describes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic considerations, imaging findings, treatment, and prognosis of autoimmune disorders, in which the vestibulocerebellar syndrome is the main or presenting clinical presentation.

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Increased Intracranial Pressure Associated With Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies.

Background: Antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have been identified in about 40% of children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The objective of this report is to describe three individuals with fulminant ADEM complicated by increased intracranial pressure associated with the presence of the anti-MOG antibodies.

Methods: This is a retrospective case series.

Unique characteristics of optical coherence tomography (OCT) results and visual acuity testing in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody positive pediatric patients.

Background: Optic nerve involvement in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated syndrome (MOG ab syndrome) tends to have unique features. Few studies have reported optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures like retinal nerve fiber layer thickness findings in the setting of pediatric MOG ab syndrome.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare visual acuity between MOG ab positive and MOG ab negative pediatric cohorts and examine correlations with OCT findings.

Atypical Anti-MOG syndrome with aseptic meningoencephalitis and pseudotumor cerebri-like presentations.

Objective: To describe 2 atypical cases with Anti-MOG antibody related demyelinating syndrome.

Methodology: Case series.

Results: We present two cases.

Emerging drugs for primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

The identification of effective therapies for progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) has remains a priority and challenge for the global MS community. Despite a few proposed mechanisms, a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these MS phenotypes, animal models that incorporate these pathogenic characteristics, novel trial designs, drug repurposing strategies, and new models of collaboration between clinical and basic science personnel may be required in identifying effective therapies. Areas covered: Here, we review the current knowledge on putative pathogenic mechanisms in primary progressive MS (PPMS).

The Role of EGFR-Met Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma and Resistance to Treatment.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. It is a devastating and intractable disease with a poor outcome. Aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase signaling is a key driver in gliomagenesis and resistance to treatment.