The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid fine needle aspirates: A study of 1763 patients; with histopathological correlations, in eastern India.

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important test for triaging patients with thyroid nodules. The 2007 National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State-of-the-Science Conference helped instigate the recent publication of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBS).

Aims And Objectives: Terminology and therefore the probability of malignancy vary between pathologists and institutions.

Perinatal and Fetal Autopsies in Neuropathology: How I do it.

Fetal and perinatal autopsies are useful to identify the accurate cause of death and in the process recognize disorders which may require counselling for future pregnancies. Abnormalities of the CNS are an important cause of fetal loss and perinatal deaths. Most of these are structural abnormalities of the CNS, however a smaller portion show changes pertaining to prematurity, infections and even congenital tumors.

Histoplasmosis masquerading as tuberculosis: A report of three cases in immunocompetent children.

The most common cause of granulomatous lymphadenitis in countries like ours is mycobactrium tuberculosis followed by atypical mycobacterial infection, fungal infections, parasitic infection, cat scratch disease, lymphogranuloma venereum (inguinal lymphadenopathy), and leprosy Here, we present three cases of lymphadenopathy due to histoplasmosis in immunocompetent children. Two of them presented with fever, lymphadenopathy, initially diagnosed as granulomatous lymphadenitis consistent with tuberculosis on FNAC and were put on antitubercular drugs. However, their condition gradually became worse.

Utility of tru-cut biopsy in diagnosis of palpable pediatric soft tissue neoplasms.

Context: Soft tissue neoplasms are infrequent in children with sarcomas accounting for approximately 7% of all pediatric malignancies. Morphologic diagnosis is challenging due to overlapping features. Subtyping and categorization of these lesions are difficult on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) alone owing to tumor heterogeneity and limited material in some cases.

Thanatophoric dysplasia type 1 with temporal lobe dysplasia: Report of a case along with differential diagnosis.

Thanatophoric dysplasia type 1 (TD1) is a lethal form of osteochondral dysplasia due to mutation of FGFR3 gene. In addition to severe shortening of the limbs there is temporo-occipital lobe dysplasia along with a range of other CNS anomalies. In this report we describe the radiological and anatomical features at autopsy in neonate with TD1 along with the CNS anomalies.

Utility of cell block preparation in diagnosis of paediatric abdominal neoplasms.

Background: Paediatric abdominal neoplasms are fairly common. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is used for the initial evaluation of paediatric abdominal neoplasms. However, sometimes FNA interpretation can be difficult on limited material, owing to tumour heterogeneity and overlapping features.

Diagnostic utility of cytology smears and cell block in adrenal lesions.

Background: Cytology of the adrenal gland is a less performed technique even in tertiary care centres; yet cytological evaluation is an important diagnostic tool for assessment of adrenal lesions. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of FNAC smears and cellblock with immunohistochemistry (IHC) in lesions of the adrenal.

Material And Methods: We had a total of 50 cases over a period of 2 years where both FNAC smears and cellblocks were taken.

Cytological diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma: A report of 2 cases in children.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumour, which sometimes affects pediatric age group. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rarely performed technique in adrenal cortical tumours. There is sparse literature available describing the cytological findings of ACCs in children.

A study of spectrum of pulmonary pathology and expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 during neonatal period.

Context: Neonatal period is the single most hazardous period of life. The major causes of neonatal death are prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome. We report a series of neonatal autopsies in our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit with special emphasis on pulmonary pathology.

Cytological and histological correlation of granular cell tumor in a series of three cases.

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is an uncommon soft tissue tumor characterized by proliferation of cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. We came across three such tumors, one in the tongue, one in the chest wall, and one in the right deltoid region, which were referred for fine-needle aspiration cytology. On cytological examination, the first two cases were diagnosed as GCT, and the mass in deltoid region was suggestive of proliferative myositis.

Sirenomelia associated with discoid adrenal and lumbar meningocoele: An autopsy report.

Mermaid syndrome or Sirenomelia is a rare congenital deformity in which the legs are fused and bears resemblance to mermaid's tail. It carries a poor prognosis, due to associated urogenital and gastrointestinal abnormalities. An early antenatal diagnosis using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can help in termination of pregnancy.

Utility of PAS and β-catenin staining in histological categorisation and prediction of prognosis of hepatoblastomas.

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of PAS, β-catenin and Ki-67 in categorising hepatoblastomas (HBs) and their significance in predicting prognosis. In addition, we have also documented the various chemotherapy induced histologic changes in HBs.

Method: In this retrospective observational study of 29 cases of hepatoblastomas, 27 cases were considered for statistical analysis, excluding two cases of diagnostic core biopsies.

FNAC aided diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma of kidney: Report of two cases in infants.

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK) is a rare aggressive malignant renal neoplasm with a high metastatic potential. Its outcome has however, improved with the advent of doxorubicin based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we present two cases of CCSK in infants diagnosed on cytology followed by nephrectomy.

FNAC Aided Diagnosis and Categorization of Hepatoblastoma:: A Report of Three Cases.

Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumour of infancy and early childhood. Histologically hepatoblastomas are categorized into pure epithelial and mixed epithelial-mesenchymal types and epithelial type is further subcategorized into pure fetal type, fetal and embryonal type, pure embryonal, and small cell types. This categorization has been shown to have prognostic and therapeutic implication.

Cytological diagnosis of mesoblastic nephroma: A report of three cases with summary of prior published cases.

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is a rare pediatric renal neoplasm, occurring most commonly in the first few months of life, with a favourable clinical outcome. Accurate pre-operative cytological diagnosis of this entity is important as pre-operative chemotherapy is not recommended and surgery is the treatment of choice. Cytodiagnosis of this rare tumor is discussed in only a few case reports.

Primary Renal Rhabdomyosarcoma: An Unusual Bone Metastasizing Tumor of Kidney.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is one of the common malignant tumors in the pediatric age group. There is only a single case report of primary renal alveolar RMS. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings of primary renal RMS has not been reported so far.

Expression of COX-2 and p53 in juvenile polyposis coli and its correlation with adenomatous changes.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal polyps commonly affect the pediatric population. The commoner variety amongst these is the solitary rectal polyp. Juvenile polyposis coli (JPC) is rare, characterized by multiple polyps occurring throughout the gut.

Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis: A clinicopathological study of six cases.

Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis are benign adipocytic tumors seen in children less than 3 years of age. Awareness amongst surgeons of this fast growing lipomatous tumor in young children is important to avoid mutilating surgery and chemotherapy. Histological diagnosis of lipoblastoma is sometimes difficult because of close resemblance with myxoid, round cell, and well-differentiated liposarcoma.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma with complete adrenal gland.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common congenital neoplasm in neonates. We came across a post term (42 weeks) newborn baby girl delivered by normal vaginal route. The baby presented with a large soft, cystic mass over the sacrococcygeal region.

Expression of CDX-2 and Ki-67 in different grades of colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Background: CDX2 is a caudal homeobox gene essential for intestinal differentiation and is specifically expressed in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Its role in colorectal carcinogenesis is not fully elucidated.

Aims And Objectives: To study the expression pattern of CDX2 and Ki-67 in different grades of colorectal adenocarcinomas and to observe the relationship of their staining patterns in various tumor stages and to look for correlation if any, between Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) and CDX2 expression.

Central nervous system teratomas in infants: a report of two cases.

Intracranial teratomas are uncommon neoplasms with most of them being encountered in the pediatric age group. Teratomas are composed of derivatives of all the three germ cell layers and are classified into mature, immature and teratoma with malignant transformation. Two cases of intracranial teratomas in infants are presented here with the idea of highlighting this relatively uncommon condition in an uncommon age.

Metastatic ganglioneuroma: a misnomer.

Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma atumors arising from the neural crest cells. Ganglioneuroma is considered as the most mature amongst the three and usually has no metastatic potential. Spontaneous maturation of neuroblastoma into ganglioneuroma is, however, quite well-known.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of adrenal: clinical presentation and outcomes.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of adrenal is an extremely rare tumor of neural crest origin. A nonfunctional left adrenal mass (14.6 × 10.