A Scopus-Based Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Contributions on Milk Fluoridation.

Fluoridated-milk schemes have been developed and implemented in many countries to prevent dental caries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact/influence of scientific publications, researchers, and institutions conducting research on milk fluoridation; to explore the international and inter-institutional collaboration and illustrate scientific output trends; and to pinpoint research hotspots in milk fluoridation research. This bibliometric analysis of original research articles on milk fluoridation includes all of the original articles published in peer-reviewed journals systematically extracted from the SCOPUS database.

Biomarkers for the Assessment of Exposure to Fluoride in Adults.

To monitor deficient or excessive intakes of biologically available fluoride (F), various biological samples have been tested for use as biomarkers of human exposure to F. Most such studies have concerned children and often have only involved measurement of F in 1 or 2 types of sample. The present study investigated the relationships of F concentrations in biomarkers of F exposure; including plasma, saliva, hair, finger- and toenails, and daily urinary F excretion (UFE) with the total daily F intake (TDFI) of adults.

Biomarkers for the Assessment of Fluoride Exposure in Children.

Due to practical difficulties in quantifying fluoride exposure, the ability of various biomarkers to predict exposure has been investigated previously. However, the results are inadequate for validation of their application and usefulness. This study aimed to investigate the association between contemporary/recent biomarkers of fluoride exposure and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) of children with large differences in fluoride exposure through drinking water.

Chapter 4: Microelements: Part I: Zn, Sn, Cu, Fe and I.

Microelements are essential components of the diet. This chapter describes the effect of several such elements: zinc, copper, iron, tin, and iodine, on oral health. As part of normal diets, these elements have limited associations with specific oral conditions.

Chapter 5: Microelements: Part II: F, Al, Mo and Co.

Ultratrace element is a relatively new term, and is defined as those elements with an established, estimated, or suspected dietary requirement of minute amount, generally of the order of µg/day. This chapter focuses on fluorine (F), aluminium (Al), molybdenum (Mo), and cobalt (Co). Whilst diet is the principal source of Al, Mo, and Co found in the body, inadvertent ingestion of dental hygiene products accounts for a significant proportion of F intake.

On the relationship between the rate of salivary flow and salivary fluoride clearance.

The amount of fluoride retained in the mouth following the application of dentifrices, mouthwashes, etc. may be important in determining their anticaries efficacy. In this study we investigated the relationship between the salivary flow rate and salivary fluoride clearance.

Pharmacokinetics in the oral cavity: fluoride and other active ingredients.

Modern commercial toothpastes contain therapeutic ingredients to combat various oral conditions, for example, caries, gingivitis, calculus and tooth stain. The efficient delivery and retention of such ingredients in the mouth is essential for good performance. The aim of this chapter is to review the literature on the oral pharmacokinetics of, primarily, fluoride but also other active ingredients, mainly anti-plaque agents.

Anti-calculus and whitening toothpastes.

In terms of novel formulations, there seems to have been a shift in emphasis from anti-caries/anti-gingivitis to anti-calculus/whitening toothpastes in recent years. The anti-calculus and whitening effects of toothpastes are to some extent based on the same active ingredients: compounds of high affinity for tooth mineral. Due to this affinity, crystal growth may be hindered (anti-calculus) and chromophores be displaced (whitening).

Fluoridated toothpaste: usage and ingestion of fluoride by 4- to 6-yr-old children in England.

Fluoridated toothpaste is effective for dental caries control, yet may be a risk factor for dental fluorosis. This study aimed to quantify fluoride ingestion from toothpaste by children and to investigate the effects of age, gender, and social class on the amount of fluoride ingested per toothbrushing session. Sixty-one children, 4-6 yr of age, were recruited: 38 were from low socio-economic (LSE) areas of Newcastle, UK, and 23 were from high socio-economic (HSE) areas of Newcastle, UK.

Evidence for putting the calculus: caries inverse relationship to work.

Objectives: To report previously unpublished data from three different types of clinical study to show the strength of the evidence purporting to demonstrate the existence of an inverse relationship between subjects' calculus and caries experience.

Methods: Data have been analysed from: a 3-year caries clinical trial of six toothpastes conducted in Lanarkshire, Scotland that involved 3000 children, Study 1; a caries epidemiological study in the Isle of Lewis that involved 228 children, Study 2; a calculus formation study carried out at Port Sunlight using a wide age range of adults, Study 3.

Results: Baseline data taken from Study 1 show that caries prevalence is highly significantly lower in calculus-prone than in calculus-free subjects (P < 0.

Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste: fluoride recovered from the toothbrush, the expectorate and the after-brush rinses.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of rinsing and spitting on fluoride ingestion from toothpaste during normal oral-hygiene procedures of younger children, and hence to make recommendations on rinsing during toothbrushing.

Methods: The brushing habits of 166 Dutch and 185 Irish children between 1.5 and 3.

Development of a standardized method for comparing fluoride ingested from toothpaste by 1.5-3.5-year-old children in seven European countries. Part 2: Ingestion results.

Objectives: To develop a standardized method for measuring the variables affecting fluoride ingestion from toothpaste in young children between the ages of 1.5 and 3.5 years, and to use the method at seven European sites.

Development of a standardized method for comparing fluoride ingested from toothpaste by 1.5-3.5-year-old children in seven European countries. Part 1: Field work.

Objectives: To develop a standardized method for measuring the variables affecting fluoride ingestion from toothpaste in young children between the ages of 1.5 and 3.5 years, and to use the method at seven European sites.