Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is present in a variety of products. Little is known regarding the accumulation of high-molecular-weight PEGs or the long-term effects resulting from PEG accumulation in certain tissues, especially the choroid plexus. We evaluated the toxicity of high-molecular-weight PEGs administered to Sprague Dawley rats.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines that plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis. Repeated dose inhalation toxicity data on NNK, particularly relevant to cigarette smoking, however, is surprisingly limited. Hence, there is a lack of direct information available on the carcinogenic and potential non-carcinogenic effects of NNK via inhalational route exposure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the key tobacco-specific nitrosamines that plays an important role in human lung carcinogenesis. However, repeated inhalation toxicity data on NNK, which is more directly relevant to cigarette smoking, are currently limited. In the present study, the subacute inhalation toxicity of NNK was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFD-glucosamine is a widely consumed dietary supplement used to promote joint health and treat osteoarthritis. It also stimulates intracellular hexosamine flux and increases transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) mRNA expression and insulin resistance in animal studies. The effects of D-glucosamine exposure were investigated in obese Zucker rats.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiet is an important variable in toxicology. There are mixed reports on the impact of soy components on energy utilization, fat deposition, and reproductive parameters. Three generations of CD-1 mice were fed irradiated natural ingredient diets with varying levels of soy (NIH-41, 5K96, or 5008/5001), purified irradiated AIN-93 diet, or the AIN-93 formulation modified with ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC) or SPC with isoflavones (SPC-IF).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is an ultraviolet (UV) absorbing compound used in many cosmetic products as a UV-protecting agent and in plastics for preventing UV-induced photodecomposition. HMB has been detected in over 95% of randomly collected human urine samples from adults and from premature infants, and it may have estrogenic potential.
Methods: To determine the effects of maternal and lactational exposure to HMB on development and reproductive organs of offspring, time-mated female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with 0, 1000, 3000, 10,000, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm HMB (seven to eight per group) added to chow from gestation day 6 until weaning on postnatal day (PND) 23.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume industrial chemical to which there is widespread human oral exposure. Guideline studies used to set regulatory limits detected adverse effects only at doses well above human exposures and established a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. However, many reported animal studies link BPA to potentially adverse effects on multiple organ systems at doses below the NOAEL.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDeterminants of amphetamine (AMPH)-induced neurotoxicity are poorly understood. The role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and organ injury in AMPH-induced neurotoxicity was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were give AMPH and became hyperthermic during the exposure. Environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH) in the rat was compared to AMPH to determine whether AMPH-induced increases in LPS and peripheral toxicities were solely attributable to hyperthermia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
September 2011
Juvenile male rhesus monkeys treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) to evaluate genetic and behavioral toxicity were observed after 14 mo of treatment to have delayed pubertal progression with impaired testicular descent and reduced testicular volume. Further evaluation of animals dosed orally twice a day with (i) 0.5 mL/kg of vehicle (n = 10), (ii) 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMany patients undergoing chronic therapy with the purine analogue Azathioprine (Aza) have highly elevated HPRT lymphocyte mutant frequencies (MFs), and it is likely that these increases are due to selection of pre-existing HPRT mutant lymphocytes. A similar selection in germ cells might result in an increased frequency of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In this study, a mouse model for Aza mutant selection was developed and Aza toxicity was evaluated in the germ cells of treated mice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFumonisinmycotoxins are produced by Fusaria fungi that grow worldwide primarily on corn. Fumonisin B(1), the most predominant form in corn samples, is a renal carcinogen in male F344/N rats and a hepatocarcinogen in female B6C3F(1) mice when fed at concentrations higher than 50 ppm (70 micromol/kg) in the diet for 2 years. We sought to determine the relative toxicities of several naturally occurring fumonisin derivatives when included in the diet of female B6C3F(1) mice.
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