Cadence Paradox in Cycling-Part 2: Theory and Simulation of Maximal Lactate Steady State and Carbohydrate Utilization Dependent on Cycling Cadence.

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a theory on the frequent observation that cyclists prefer cadences (RPMs) higher than those considered most economical at submaximal exercise intensities via modeling and simulation of its mathematical description.

Methods: The theory combines the parabolic power-to-velocity (v) relationship, where v is defined by crank length, RPM-dependent ankle velocity, and gear ratio, RPM effects on the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), and lactate-dependent carbohydrate oxidation (CHO). It was tested against recent experimental results of 12 healthy male recreational cyclists determining the v-dependent peak oxygen uptake (VO2PEAKv), MLSS (MLSSv), corresponding power output (PMLSSv), oxygen uptake at PMLSSv (VO2MLSSv), and CHOMLSSv-management at 100 versus 50 per minute, respectively.

Cadence Paradox in Cycling-Part 1: Maximal Lactate Steady State and Carbohydrate Utilization Dependent on Cycling Cadence.

Purpose: To assess (1) whether and how a higher maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) at higher cycling cadence (RPM) comes along with higher absolute and/or fractional carbohydrate combustion (CHOMLSS), respectively, and (2) whether there is an interrelation between potential RPM-dependent MLSS effects and the maximally achievable RPM (RPMMAX).

Methods: Twelve healthy males performed incremental load tests to determine peak power, peak oxygen uptake, and 30-minute MLSS tests at 50 and 100 per minute, respectively, to assess RPM-dependent MLSS, corresponding power output, CHOMLSS responses, and 6-second sprints to measure RPMMAX.

Results: Peak power, peak carbon dioxide production, and power output at MLSS were lower (P = .

Reliability of the 3-Component Model of Aerobic, Anaerobic Lactic, and Anaerobic Alactic Energy Distribution (PCr-LA-O2) for Energetic Profiling of Continuous and Intermittent Exercise.

Purpose: To assess the test-retest reliability of the continuous (PCr-LA-O2) and intermittent (PCr-LA-O2int) version of the 3-component model of energy distribution in an applied setting.

Methods: Sixteen male handball players (age 23 [3] y, height 185 [7] cm, weight 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) twice. Performance was assessed by peak speed (speed of the last successfully completed stage of the 30-15IFT [VIFT], in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds).

COVID-19 Lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes' Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices.

Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes' knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification.

Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May-July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training.

Is the maximal lactate steady state concept really relevant to predict endurance performance?

Purpose: There is no convincing evidence for the idea that a high power output at the maximal lactate steady state (PO) and a high fraction of [Formula: see text]O at MLSS (%[Formula: see text]O) are decisive for endurance performance. We tested the hypotheses that (1) %[Formula: see text]O is positively correlated with the ability to sustain a high fraction of [Formula: see text]O for a given competition duration (%[Formula: see text]O); (2) %[Formula: see text]O improves the prediction of the average power output of a time trial (PO) in addition to [Formula: see text]O and gross efficiency (GE); (3) PO improves the prediction of PO in addition to [Formula: see text]O and GE.

Methods: Twenty-one recreationally active participants performed stepwise incremental tests on the first and final testing day to measure GE and check for potential test-related training effects in terms of changes in the minimal lactate equivalent power output (∆PO_LEmin), 30-min constant load tests to determine MLSS, a ramp test and verification bout for [Formula: see text]O, and 20-min time trials for %[Formula: see text]O and PO.

Climbing-Specific Exercise Tests: Energy System Contributions and Relationships With Sport Performance.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate distinct performance indicators and energy system contributions in 3 different, new sport-specific finger flexor muscle exercise tests.

Methods: The tests included the maximal strength test, the all-out test (30 s) as well as the continuous and intermittent muscle endurance test at an intensity equaling 60% of maximal force, which were performed until target force could not be maintained. Gas exchange and blood lactate were measured in 13 experienced climbers during, as well as pre and post the test.

Energetics of Floor Gymnastics: Aerobic and Anaerobic Share in Male and Female Sub-elite Gymnasts.

Background: Artistic gymnastics is a popular Olympic discipline where female athletes compete in four and male athletes in six events with floor exercise having the longest competition duration in Women's and Men's artistic gymnastics (WAG, MAG). To date no valid information on the energetics of floor gymnastics is available although this may be important for specific conditioning programming. This study evaluated the metabolic profile of a simulated floor competition in sub-elite gymnasts.

Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents.

Objective: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020).

Results: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes.

The Oxygen Uptake Plateau-A Critical Review of the Frequently Misunderstood Phenomenon.

A flattening of the oxygen uptake-work rate relationship at severe exercise indicates the achievement of maximum oxygen uptake [Formula: see text]. Unfortunately, a distinct plateau [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]is not found in all participants. The aim of this investigation was to critically review the influence of research methods and physiological factors on the [Formula: see text] incidence.

The Metabolic Relevance of Type of Locomotion in Anaerobic Testing: Bosco Continuous Jumping Test Versus Wingate Anaerobic Test of the Same Duration.

Purpose: To evaluate the metabolic relevance of type of locomotion in anaerobic testing by analyzing and comparing the metabolic profile of the Bosco Continuous Jumping Test (CJ30) with the corresponding profile of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT).

Methods: A total of 11 well-trained, male team-sport athletes (age = 23.7 [2.

Metabolic Profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and the Corresponding Continuous Version in Team-Sport Athletes-Elucidating the Role of Inter-Effort Recovery.

Purpose: To elucidate the role of inter-effort recovery in shuttle running by comparing the metabolic profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and the corresponding continuous version (30-15IFT-CONT).

Methods: Sixteen state-level handball players (age = 23 [3] y, height = 185 [7] cm, weight = 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT, and speed at the last completed stage (in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds) were assessed. Furthermore, oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) and blood lactate were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 minutes postexercise.

Energetic Profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2.

Purpose: To analyze the energetic profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2 (YYIR1 and YYIR2).

Methods: Intermittent running distance (IR1D and IR2D), time to exhaustion (IR1T and IR2T), and total recovery time between shuttles (IR1R and IR2R) were measured in 10 well-trained male athletes (age 24.4 [2.

Effect of intensive prior exercise on muscle fiber activation, oxygen uptake kinetics, and oxygen uptake plateau occurrence.

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that the described increase in oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text])-plateau incidence following a heavy-severe prior exercise is caused by a steeper increase in [Formula: see text] and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain.

Methods: Twenty-one male participants performed a standard ramp test, a [Formula: see text] verification bout, an unprimed ramp test with an individualized ramp slope and a primed ramp test with the same ramp slope, which was preceded by an intensive exercise at 50% of the difference between gas exchange threshold and maximum workload. Muscle fiber activation was recorded from vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius medialis using a surface electromyography (EMG) device in a subgroup of 11 participants.

Size-adjusted muscle power and muscle metabolism in patients with cystic fibrosis are equal to healthy controls - a case control study.

Background: Skeletal muscle function dysfunction has been reported in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Studies so far showed inconclusive data whether reduced exercise capacity is related to intrinsic muscle dysfunction in CF.

Methods: Twenty patients with CF and 23 age-matched controls completed an incremental cardiopulmonary cycling test.

Oxygen uptake plateau: calculation artifact or physiological reality?

Purpose: To test whether the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) plateau at [Formula: see text] is simply a calculation artifact caused by the variability of [Formula: see text] or a clearly identifiable physiological event.

Methods: Forty-six male participants performed an incremental ramp and a [Formula: see text] verification test. Variability of the difference between adjacent sampling intervals (difference) and of the slope of the [Formula: see text]-workload relationship (slope) in the submaximal intensity domain were calculated.

Oxygen uptake plateau occurrence depends on oxygen kinetics and oxygen deficit accumulation.

We tested the hypothesis that participants with an oxygen uptake ( ) plateau during incremental exercise exhibit a lower VO -deficit (VO )-accumulation in the submaximal intensity domain due to faster ramp and square wave O -kinetics. Twenty-six male participants performed a standard ramp test (increment: 30 W·min ), a ramp test with an individualized ramp slope and a two-step (moderate and severe) square wave exercise followed by a -verification bout. VO was calculated by the difference between individualized ramp test O and O -demand estimated from steady-state O -kinetics.

Higher energy and carbohydrate demand of interval training at a given average velocity on track versus treadmill.

We tested the hypothesis that because of acceleration and deceleration, the energy and carbohydrate demand are higher in interval training on a track than on a treadmill. Ten male subjects performed the same interval training on a treadmill and an outdoor track. A higher energy and carbohydrate demand on the track emphasizes that treadmill interval studies analyzing high numbers of short-lasting interval bouts are not transferable to interval running on a track.

10 Years on Time-Motion and Motor Actions of Paired Mixed Martial Arts Athletes.

This study verified the performance probabilities by mixed martial arts rounds by the same athletes, doing paired comparisons of time-motion and actions before and after 10 y. The sample was composed of 845 Ultimate Fighting Championship rounds of 45 athletes separated into before (M1, age range 34-44 y) and after (M2, age range 44-54 y). Motor-control (takedowns, submissions, chokes, locks, strike actions to the head, and body and leg strikes attempted and landed) and time-motion (high and low intensities and standing and ground times) analyses were done.