Blockade of β-Adrenergic Receptors Improves CD8 T-cell Priming and Cancer Vaccine Efficacy.

β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling exerts protumoral effects by acting directly on tumor cells and angiogenesis. In addition, β-AR expression on immune cells affects their ability to mount antitumor immune responses. However, how β-AR signaling impinges antitumor immune responses is still unclear.