A review on morphology, nanostructure, chemical composition, and number concentration of diesel particulate emissions.

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from compression ignition (CI) engines (diesel engines) has a detrimental effect on human health and the environment. The physical and chemical characteristics of PM emitted from CI-engines are influenced by engine operating conditions and fuel properties. The morphology, nanostructure, and chemical composition of PM affect its toxicity and interaction with the environment.

Effect of compression ratio, nozzle opening pressure, engine load, and butanol addition on nanoparticle emissions from a non-road diesel engine.

Currently, diesel engines are more preferred over gasoline engines due to their higher torque output and fuel economy. However, diesel engines confront major challenge of meeting the future stringent emission norms (especially soot particle emissions) while maintaining the same fuel economy. In this study, nanosize range soot particle emission characteristics of a stationary (non-road) diesel engine have been experimentally investigated.

Salivary glands harbor more diverse microbial communities than gut in Anopheles culicifacies.

Background: In recent years, it has been well documented that gut flora not only influence mosquito physiology, but also significantly alter vector competency. Although, salivary gland and gut constitute key partners of the digestive system, it is still believed that salivary glands may harbor less flora than gut (Parasit Vectors 6: 146, 2013).

Methods: Using a metagenomic approach, we have identified for the first time the diverse microbial community associated with these two physiologically different tissues of the digestive system in the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies.