Trihexyphenidyl in young children with dystonic cerebral palsy: A single arm study.

Purpose: The incidence of dystonic cerebral palsy causing significant morbidity is on the rise. There is a paucity of evidence for the management of dystonia in children.

Methods: Forty-one children aged 6 months-5 years with predominantly dystonic cerebral palsy were started on a predetermined protocol of trihexyphenidyl (0.

Quality assurance of paediatric lateral chest radiographs.

Introduction: Lateral chest radiographs aid in paediatric clinical practice in countries where the diagnosis of primary pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) still relies heavily on the chest radiograph. This study aimed to create a validated quality assurance (QA) tool investigating the diagnostic performance of this projection by applying this to a database of lateral chest radiographs in children with suspected PTB.

Method: The QA tool was built to include a compilation of criteria from the different sources, accompanied by graphic representations and objective measurements where appropriate.

Optic neuritis: A South African hospital-based prospective study protocol.

Background: Optic neuritis is a relatively common disease with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.6 per 1000; the estimated prevalence is 1-5 per 100 000/year. It occurs because of inflammation of the optic nerve from a variety of causes.

CT pulmonary angiography findings in HIV-infected patients referred for suspected pulmonary thrombo-embolic disease.

Background: South Africa bares a significant burden of HIV and imaging is commonly performed as part of the workup for respiratory distress.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to document the prevalence of pulmonary thrombo-embolic disease (PTED) and other findings in HIV-infected patients referred for CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for suspected PTED.

Method: Forty CTPA studies of documented HIV-infected individuals investigated for suspected PTED during a 1-year period were retrieved, anonymised and interpreted by three consultant radiologists.

Retention and outcomes for clients attending a methadone clinic in a resource-constrained setting: a mixed methods prospective cohort study in Imphal, Northeast India.

Background: Opioid substitution therapy (OST) with buprenorphine has been widely available in India since 2007, but the introduction of methadone occurred much later in 2012, and availability remains limited. Illicit injecting drug use is a long-standing public health problem in Manipur, a state in Northeast India characterised by major resource constraints and political unrest. We investigated retention and outcomes for clients attending a methadone-based OST program in Manipur with the aim of strengthening the evidence base for development of relevant policies and programs.

Microfilariae recurrence in graded murrah buffalo treated with repeated doses of ivermectin.

Filariosis is one of the common parasitic diseases of animals and man caused by a small group of filarid nematodes throughout the world. This disease is highly prevalent in hot and humid arenas of India especially hilly parts of Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh and coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, (Kumar et al. 2005).

Neem leaf extract inhibits mammary carcinogenesis by altering cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.

Plant-based medicines are useful in the treatment of cancer. Many breast cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine in parallel with conventional treatments. Neem is historically well known in Asia and Africa as a versatile medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of biological activities.

The anticancer effect of 2'-3'-dehydrosalannol on triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-20% of all breast tumors and these breast tumors are usually aggressive and highly metastatic. Unfortunately, treatment options for TNBCs are limited; we have identified a novel molecule, 2'-3'-dehydrosalannol (DHS) and in this study we investigated the anticancer effect of DHS against TNBC cells.

Materials And Methods: TNBC (MDA-MB 231; MDA-MB 468) cells were treated with DHS and its effect on cell viability, apoptosis and molecular mechanisms were analyzed.

Mammary cancer promotion by ovarian hormones involves IGFR/AKT/mTOR signaling.

In a previous study, we observed that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary lesions are promoted to overt mammary cancers by exogenous administration of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P). The purpose of the present study was to identify the early molecular events occurring during the hormonal promotion of mammary carcinogenesis and persistent activation of molecular pathways responsible for tumor growth. Seven-week-old female Copenhagen (COP) rats, which are resistant to MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis, were intraperitoneally administered a single dose of MNU (50 mg/kg body weight).

Long-term hormonal promotion overcomes genetic resistance to mammary cancer.

It is well known that ovarian steroids estradiol and progesterone play a vital role in the development of mammary cancer. Here, using the genetically highly resistant Copenhagen rats we demonstrate that sustained exogenous treatment with estradiol and progesterone overcomes genetic resistance to mammary cancer. It has been demonstrated that Copenhagen rats develop preneoplastic lesions upon exposure to carcinogens.

Decreasing hormonal promotion is key to breast cancer prevention.

An early full-term pregnancy in women is highly protective against breast cancer. This protection can be mimicked by short-term treatment with estradiol plus progesterone in nulliparous rats. We determined the effect of long-term hormonal promotion following the protective short-term estradiol and progesterone treatment that mimics parity protection against mammary tumors.

Novel molecules for intra-oral delivery of antimicrobials to prevent and treat oral infectious diseases.

New molecules were designed for efficient intra-oral delivery of antimicrobials to prevent and treat oral infection. The salivary statherin fragment, which has high affinity for the tooth enamel, was used as a carrier peptide. This was linked through the side chain of the N-terminal residue to the C-terminus of a defensin-like 12-residue peptide to generate two bifunctional hybrid molecules, one with an ester linkage and the other with an anhydride bond between the carrier and the antimicrobial components.

Hormone-induced protection of mammary tumorigenesis in genetically engineered mouse models.

Introduction: The experiments reported here address the question of whether a short-term hormone treatment can prevent mammary tumorigenesis in two different genetically engineered mouse models.

Methods: Two mouse models, the p53-null mammary epithelial transplant and the c-neu mouse, were exposed to estrogen and progesterone for 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, and followed for development of mammary tumors.

Results: In the p53-null mammary transplant model, a 2-week exposure to estrogen and progesterone during the immediate post-pubertal stage (2 to 4 weeks after transplantation) of mammary development decreased mammary tumorigenesis by 70 to 88%.

Influence of estradiol on mammary tumor collagen solubility in DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors.

Estradiol plays a vital role in the growth and development of mammary glands. It is a potent stimulator of metabolic processes in normal and carcinoma breast. A critical factor in determining mammary glandular morphology is the stroma.

Dietary (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent sucrose-induced insulin resistance in rats.

This study was designed to determine the effect of substituting (n-3) long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) for linoleic acid and hence decreasing the (n-6):(n-3) fatty acid ratio on sucrose-induced insulin resistance in rats. Weanling male Wistar rats were fed casein-based diets containing 100 g/kg fat for 12 wk. Insulin resistance was induced by replacing starch (ST) with sucrose (SU).

Mammary tumorigenesis in growth hormone deficient spontaneous dwarf rats; effects of hormonal treatments.

This study was carried out to investigate mammary tumorigenesis in growth hormone (GH) deficient spontaneous dwarf rats (SDR). At 50-60 days of age, the rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 received bovine (b) GH (prolonged release formulation) administered at a dose of 40-50 mg/kg body wt.

Multiplexed fluorescence detection of phosphorylation, glycosylation, and total protein in the proteomic analysis of breast cancer refractoriness.

The Multiplexed Proteomics (MP) technology is a new approach that permits quantitative, multicolor fluorescence detection of proteins in one-dimensional or two-dimensional gels. This methodology allows for multiplexed identification and differential analysis of phosphoproteins, glycoproteins, and total proteins within a single gel electrophoresis experiment. Here the MP system was applied to the differential proteomic analysis of pregnancy-induced refractoriness to breast cancer using a rat model system.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I obliterates the pregnancy-associated protection against mammary carcinogenesis in rats: evidence that IGF-I enhances cancer progression through estrogen receptor-alpha activation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

Introduction: Pregnancy protects against breast cancer development in humans and rats. Parous rats have persistently reduced circulating levels of growth hormone, which may affect the activity of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis. We investigated the effects of IGF-I on parity-associated protection against mammary cancer.

Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis by short-term estrogen and progestin treatments.

Introduction: Women who have undergone a full-term pregnancy before the age of 20 have one-half the risk of developing breast cancer compared with women who have never gone through a full-term pregnancy. This protective effect is observed universally among women of all ethnic groups. Parity in rats and mice also protects them against chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis.

Identification of rat mammary tumor-1 gene (RMT-1), which is highly expressed in rat mammary tumors.

Full-term pregnancy early in life results in a permanent reduction in lifetime breast cancer risk in women. Parous rats and mice are also refractory to chemical carcinogenesis. Therefore, investigation of the differences between mammary glands from virgin and parous rats would provide valuable information regarding the protective effects of early full-term pregnancy.

Short-term exposure to pregnancy levels of estrogen prevents mammary carcinogenesis.

It is well established that pregnancy early in life reduces the risk of breast cancer in women and that this effect is universal. This phenomenon of parity protection against mammary cancer is also observed in rodents. Earlier studies have demonstrated that short-term administration of estradiol (E) in combination with progesterone mimics the protective effect of parity in rats.

Hormonal prevention of breast cancer: mimicking the protective effect of pregnancy.

Full term pregnancy early in life is the most effective natural protection against breast cancer in women. Rats treated with chemical carcinogen are similarly protected by a previous pregnancy from mammary carcinogenesis. Proliferation and differentiation of the mammary gland does not explain this phenomenon, as shown by the relative ineffectiveness of perphenazine, a potent mitogenic and differentiating agent.

A case report of lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva.

Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva mimicking condyloma acuminata is reported for its rarity.

Increased degradation of dermal collagen in diabetic rats.

The effect of alloxan induced diabetes on the dermal collagen content of albino rats was studied in relation to few lysosomal enzymes. Diabetes decreased the dermal collagen content. The specific activities of the lysosomal enzymes studied in the diabetic rat skin were elevated.