Harnessing the Carrier Solvent Complexity of Crop Biostimulant Liquid Formulations Using Locally Available Transesterified Waste Cooking Oil: Economic Recycling, Solvent Performance, and Bioefficacy Evaluation.

Locally sourced waste cooking oil (WCO) was successfully base-catalyzed and transesterified with methanol into biodiesel to produce biostimulant (nitrobenzene) formulations and replace high-risk carrier solvents. Ideal synthesis conditions were composed of 1% NaOH, MeOH/oil molar ratio (6:1), reaction temperature (65 °C), a 3 h mixing rate, and 97-98% yields. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified five fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) including palmitic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, and eicosenoic acids with high solubilization and olfactory characteristics.

Determination of quizalofop-p-ethyl in onion: residual dissipation pattern, weed control efficiency, and food safety assessment under field conditions.

Monitoring pesticide residue levels becomes crucial to maintain quality and guarantee food safety as the consumption of onion green leaves and immature and mature bulbs (either raw or processed) rises. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons with quizalofop-p-ethyl (5% EC) at 50 and 100 g a.i.

Review of extraction and detection techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits to evaluate food safety and make legislative decisions: Challenges and anticipations.

Fruits are vital parts of the human diet because they include necessary nutrients that the body needs. Pesticide use has increased dramatically in recent years to combat fruit pests across the world. Pesticide usage during production, on the other hand, frequently results in undesirable residues in fruits after harvest.

Simultaneous Monitoring and Decontamination of Pesticide Residues in Phytomedicine-Enriched Betel Leaf Utilizing QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS Technology to Safeguard Public Health.

Background: The presence of undesirable substances, including pesticides (xenobiotics) in betel leaf (Piper betel), is a great concern for consumers because it is chewed and consumed directly. To protect the consumer's health, a modified QuEChERS method for monitoring purposes and subsequent decontamination process has been developed.

Objective: The goal of this work was to establish a multi-residue analytical method for monitoring nonpermitted organophosphorus pesticide residues in betel leaf, as well as cost-effective cleaning strategies.

Long-term profound investigation of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and indirect pesticide pollution in jute-cropped environmental ecosystem for dietary and ecological risk assessment.

Jute is a healthy vegetable due to its high content of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals, in addition to its industrial utility. The purpose of this study was to look into the dissipation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and to track indirect sources of pesticide accumulation in jute ecosystems for three years in a row during tropical monsoon seasons. To avoid the intake of residues over approved limits, a rapid extraction technique was developed to evaluate the residues of this herbicide (Whip-Super 9% EC) in jute leaves, fiber, cropped soil, and water.

Method development, validation, monitoring, seasonal effect and risk assessment of multiclass multi pesticide residues in surface and ground water of new alluvial zone in eastern India.

A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was validated as per SANTE/12682/2019 guidelines for gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination of thirty-six multiclass pesticides in environmental waters. Seasonal (summer, monsoon, and winter) effects on the magnitude of pesticide residues in environmental water (river, pond, and tube well) of six different urban areas of Nadia and North 24 Parganas districts (New alluvial zone, Eastern India) was monitored for subsequent risk assessment. Total 288 water samples (96 each of river, pond, and tube-well) irrespective of locations and seasons were monitored for multiclass multi pesticide residues during the experiment.

Bioefficacy, residue dynamics and dietary risk assessment of gibberellic acid in improving the potential yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

The increasing use of gibberellic acid (GA) to promote fruit growth and yield has necessitated research into its trace level determination and estimation in harvested product. The phytohormone has increased the tomato yield (tonne ha) up to 24.7% with uniform fruit shape, size colour and lustre.

Method validation, persistence, and safety evaluation of 2,4-D in tea (Camellia sinensis) by LC-MS/MS.

An analytical method was developed by using LC-ESI(-ve)-MS/MS to investigate the residue dynamics of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in green tea leaves, processed tea, tea liquor, and tea-cropped soil at Singhiajhora Tea Estate and Putinbari Tea Estate at Terai Region, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India. In this method, an acidified methanol was used for extraction and subsequent clean-up was done by HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balanced) cartridges. The method was validated as per SANTE guideline (SANTE/11813/2017).

Multiclass Multipesticide Residue Analysis in Fish Matrix by a Modified QuEChERS Method Using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Determination.

Background: Pesticide residue in fish is a global food safety concern. However, very few validated methods are available targeting simultaneous analysis of multiple classes of pesticides.

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe workflow-based method for the quantitative determination of multiclass pesticides in fish matrix using GC-MS determination.

Structure-toxicity relationship of chloroacetanilide herbicides: relative impact on soil microorganisms.

The research was carried out to ascertain the effect of three chloroacetanilide herbicides, alachlor, butachlor and pretilachlor on soil microbial biomass growth and activity. Laboratory experiments were performed in a silty clay loam soil to relate changes of soil enzymatic activity to the herbicide persistence under laboratory condition up to 42 days at three application rates. The results showed that all the three herbicides caused enhancement of dehydrogenase activity.

Water based microwave assisted extraction of thiamethoxam residues from vegetables and soil for determination by HPLC.

A microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method for determination of thiamethoxam residues in vegetable and soil samples was standardized. Insecticide spiked vegetable and soil samples were extracted by MAE using water as an extraction solvent, cleaned up by solid phase extraction and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography on photodiode array detector. The recoveries of the insecticide from various vegetable (tomato, radish, brinjal, okra, French been, sugarbeet) and soil (sandy loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam, loamy sand) samples at 0.

Kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolysis of thiamethoxam.

The degradation of thiamethoxam [(EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl-methyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene (nitro) amine] insecticide in buffers at different pH and temperature levels was investigated in laboratory studies. Acidic hydrolysis under conventional heating conditions and alkaline hydrolysis under both conventional heating and microwave conditions were carried out. Different hydrolysis products were found to form under alkaline and acidic conditions.

Comparative metabolite profiling of the insecticide thiamethoxam in plant and cell suspension culture of tomato.

The metabolism of thiamethoxam [(EZ)-3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl-methyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene (nitro) amine] was investigated in whole plant, callus, and heterotrophic cell suspension culture of aseptically and field grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. The structure of the metabolites was elucidated by chromatographic (HPLC) and spectroscopic (IR, NMR, and MS) methods.

Persistence, metabolism and safety evaluation of thiamethoxam in tomato crop.

Background: Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, has been widely accepted for use in various crops, including vegetables, owing to its high efficacy against various chewing and sucking insect pests. In this particular study, the authors examined the residue dynamics of this insecticide in tomato and soil and calculated a safety index for this insecticide in an Indian context.

Results: In tomato fruits, the insecticide dissipated from 82 to 87% in 10 days with a half-life of 4 days, whereas dissipation in soil, under tomato crop, varied between 72 and 75% in 15 days with a half-life of 9 days.