Formulation Optimization and Characterization of Tizanidine Hydrochloride-Loaded Gold Nanoparticles Using Quality by Design Approach.

Background: Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been used extensively in cancer biologics and as drug carrier systems for improved pharmacokinetics and effective therapeutic action. GNPs also ensure reliable diagnosis with sensitive imaging.

Objective: This study aimed to synthesize tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN)-biodegradable gold (Au) nanoparticles by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with trisodium citrate using a microwave synthesizer and quality by design approach.

Combination of mTOR and MAPK Inhibitors-A Potential Way to Treat Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm that occurs in the kidney and is marked by a unique biology, with a long history of poor response to conventional cancer treatments. In the past few years, there have been significant advancements to understand the biology of RCC. This has led to the introduction of novel targeted therapies in the management of patients with metastatic disease.

Plasma Hepcidin Levels in Healthy Children from Chandigarh, Northern India.

Hepcidin is a key molecule involved in iron homeostasis. We measured hepcidin levels in 50 healthy children from Chandigarh, Northern India for establishing normal ranges. Hepcidin ranges (19.

Sulphonamido-quinoxalines: search for anticancer agent.

A series of new sulphonamido-quinoxaline derivatives 3(a-p) have been prepared which are structurally similar to the High Throughput Screening (HTS) hit identified by Porter and collaborator. The newly synthesized compounds 3b, 3c, 3f, 3i, 3j, 3l, 3n and 3o were further evaluated in the National Cancer Institute for in vitro cytotoxicity assay among them compound 3l showed highest activity against Leukemia RPMI-8226 cell lines (GI50: 1.11 μM) as compared to other tested compounds.

Stability-Indicating LC Method for the Determination of Prasugrel Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.

A simple, rapid and precise method was developed for the quantitative estimation of prasugrel hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. A chromatographic separation of prasugrel and its degradants was achieved with Zorbax XDB C(8), 150 × 4.6 mm, 3.

A comprehensive platform for quality control of botanical drugs (PhytomicsQC): a case study of Huangqin Tang (HQT) and PHY906.

Background: Establishing botanical extracts as globally-accepted polychemical medicines and a new paradigm for disease treatment, requires the development of high-level quality control metrics. Based on comprehensive chemical and biological fingerprints correlated with pharmacology, we propose a general approach called PhytomicsQC to botanical quality control.

Methods: Incorporating the state-of-the-art analytical methodologies, PhytomicsQC was employed in this study and included the use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for chemical characterization and chemical fingerprinting, differential cellular gene expression for bioresponse fingerprinting and animal pharmacology for in vivo validation.

Induced ER chaperones regulate a receptor-like kinase to mediate antiviral innate immune response in plants.

Mounting an effective innate immune response against pathogens requires the rapid and global reprogramming of host cellular processes. Here we employed complementary proteomic methods to identify differentially regulated proteins early during a plant's defense response. Besides defense-related proteins, constituents of the largest category of upregulated proteins were cytoplasmic- and ER-residing molecular chaperones.

Study of Arabidopsis thaliana resistome in response to cucumber mosaic virus infection using whole genome microarray.

The plant innate immune response is mediated by resistance (R) genes and involves hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. During resistance responses, the host undergoes net changes in the transcriptome. To understand these changes, we generated a whole genome transcript profile for RCY1-mediated resistance to cucumber mosaic virus strain Y (CMV-Y) in Arabidopsis.

Virus-induced gene silencing.

In the postgenomic era, large-scale functional genomic approaches are necessary for converting sequence information into functional information. A para-genetic approach, called virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), offers a rapid means of gaining insight into gene function in plants. VIGS system could be used to suppress endogenous gene expression by infecting plants with a recombinant virus vector (VIGS vector) carrying host-derived sequence.

Plant defense: one post, multiple guards?!

Arabidopsis RIN4 is a key bacterial virulence target that is guarded by the resistance (R) protein RPM1. Two recent studies suggest that another R protein, RPS2, also guards RIN4. Bacterial avirulence (Avr) effectors AvrB, AvrRpm1, and AvrRpt2 alter this key protein.

Tobacco Rar1, EDS1 and NPR1/NIM1 like genes are required for N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus.

The tobacco N gene confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and encodes a Toll-interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide binding site/leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) class protein. We have developed and used a tobacco rattle virus (TRV) based virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) system to investigate the role of tobacco candidate genes in the N-mediated signalling pathway. To accomplish this we generated transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana containing the tobacco N gene.

The tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene, N.

Summary In this mini review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the N gene-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The tobacco N gene belongs to toll-interleukin-1 receptor homology/nucleotide binding/leucine rich repeat (TIR-NB-LRR) class of resistance genes. It encodes two transcripts, N(S) and N(L), by alternative splicing, both of which are required to confer resistance to TMV.