Effect of Seawater Ions on Polymer Hydration in the Presence of a Chelating Agent: Application to Hydraulic Fracturing.

Seawater (SW) and produced water (PW) could replace freshwater in hydraulic fracturing operations, but their high salinity impacts the fluid stability and results in formation damage. Few researchers investigated SW and PW individual ions' impact on polymer hydration and rheology. This research examines the rheology of carboxy methyl hydroxy propyl guar (CMHPG) polymer hydrated in salt ions in the presence of a chelating agent.

Synthesis and Properties of Exceptionally Thermo-Switchable Viscoelastic Responsive Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants in Highly Saline Water.

Viscoelastic surfactants (VESs) have significant importance for stimulation of low-permeable reservoirs and acid diversion applications to effectively enhance hydrocarbon productivity. VESs offer lower residues, complete gel production, and lower formation damage that make them suitable candidates for hydraulic fracturing applications. In this research work, the synthesis of two new zwitterionic gemini surfactants and together with previously known amidosulfobutaine () has been achieved.