Tuning the Thermochemistry and Reactivity of a Series of Cu-Based 4H/4e Electron-Coupled-Proton Buffers.

Electron-coupled-proton buffers (ECPBs) store and deliver protons and electrons in a reversible fashion. We have recently reported an ECPB based on Cu and a redox-active ligand that promoted 4H/4e reversible transformations ( , 144, 16905). Herein, we report a series of Cu-based ECPBs in which the ability of these to accept and/or donate H equivalents can be tuned via ligand modification.

A Chemical Model of a TET Enzyme for Selective Oxidation of Hydroxymethyl Cytosine to Formyl Cytosine.

Methylation/demethylation of cytosines in DNA is central to epigenetics, which plays crucial roles in the regulation of about half of all human genes. Although the methylation mechanism, which downregulates gene expression, has been sufficiently decoded; the demethylation pathway, which upregulates gene expression, still holds questions to be answered. Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes yields understudied but epigenetically relevant intermediates, 5-hydroxymethyl (5-hmC), 5-formyl (5-fC), and 5-carboxyl (5-caC) cytosines.

A Review of Preclinical Tools to Validate Anti-Diarrheal Agents.

Background: Since their inception, preclinical experimental models have played an important role in investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis. These , and preclinical tests also aid in identifying targets, evaluating potential therapeutic drugs, and validating treatment protocols.

Introduction: Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly among children in developing countries, and it represents a huge health-care challenge on a global scale.