Selective Trans-Catheter Coil Embolization of Cystic Duct Stump in Post-Cholecystectomy Bile Leak.

Background: Percutaneous drainage is a first-line treatment for bilomas developed post-cholecystectomy in the setting of bile leak from the cystic duct stump. Percutaneous drainage is usually followed by surgical or endoscopic treatment to address the leak.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate outcome of selective coil embolization of the cystic duct stump via the percutaneously placed drainage catheters in patients with post-cholecystectomy bile leak.

Regulation of cyclic nucleotides in the urinary tract.

Cyclic nucleotide levels are controlled through their synthesis from nucleotide triphosphates by cyclases and their degradation to 5'-monophosphates by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Components controlling cyclic AMP-induced relaxation in the urinary tract include receptors, inhibitory and stimulatory G-proteins, isoforms of adenylyl cyclase and PDEs. The responsiveness of PDEs to a variety of physiological challenges is related to the presence of multiple families of isoenzymes with specific localization within tissues and within cells.