A unique tribological inverted bearing solution for reverse shoulder arthroplasty: Vitamin E and ceramic (unique inverse pairings in rTSR).

Background: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has gained popularity for various shoulder conditions and has evolved over time to accommodate for material changes and design philosophy including inverse materials. The tribological behaviour of shoulder arthroplasty has been extensively studied in relation to biological osteolysis which is a notable concern regarding component loosening.

Methods: This study aims to assess the wear performance of a vitamin E-stabilised glenosphere or conventional ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene glenosphere whilst paired with ceramic or cobalt-chrome-molybdenum inlay in a shoulder joint wear simulator.

Using routine health data to evaluate the impact of indoor residual spraying on malaria transmission in Madagascar.

Introduction: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are cornerstone malaria prevention methods in Madagascar. This retrospective observational study uses routine data to evaluate the impacts of IRS overall, sustained IRS exposure over multiple years and level of spray coverage (structures sprayed/found) in nine districts where non-pyrethroid IRS was deployed to complement standard pyrethroid ITNs from 2017 to 2020.

Methods: Multilevel negative-binomial generalised linear models were fit to estimate the effects of IRS exposure overall, consecutive years of IRS exposure and spray coverage level on monthly all-ages population-adjusted malaria cases confirmed by rapid diagnostic test at the health facility level.

How to evaluate the implementation of complex health programmes in low-income settings: the approach of the Gavi Full Country Evaluations.

Vaccination, like most other public health services, relies on a complex package of intervention components, functioning systems and committed actors to achieve universal coverage. Despite significant investment in immunization programmes, national coverage trends have slowed and equity gaps have grown. This paper describes the design and implementation of the Gavi Full Country Evaluations, a multi-country, prospective, mixed-methods approach whose goal was to monitor and evaluate processes, inputs, outputs and outcomes of immunization programmes in Bangladesh, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia.

Implementation of the World's largest measles-rubella mass vaccination campaign in Bangladesh: a process evaluation.

Background: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supported a mass vaccination Measles-Rubella Campaign (MRC) in Bangladesh during January-February 2014.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-method process evaluation to understand the successes and challenges in implementation of the MRC. We reviewed documents for the MRC and the immunization programme in Bangladesh; observed meetings, vaccination sessions, and health facilities; and conducted 58 key informant interviews, 574 exit interviews with caregivers and 156 brief surveys with stakeholders involved in immunization.

Unusual presentation of left sided acute appendicitis in elderly male with asymptomatic midgut malrotation.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis in the setting of midgut malrotation is uncommon. Midgut malrotation commonly presents within the first month of life. A minority remain asymptomatic and may present with concomitant abdominal pathology making diagnosis difficult.

Evaluating a Large-Scale Community-Based Intervention to Improve Pregnancy and Newborn Health Among the Rural Poor in India.

Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Sure Start project, which was implemented in 7 districts of Uttar Pradesh, India, to improve maternal and newborn health. Methods.

Assessment of a tool for measuring non-profit advocacy efforts in India, Uganda and Yemen.

To improve maternal and child health, the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood (WRA) implemented an innovative policy advocacy project in India, Uganda and Yemen from 2009 to 2011. PATH assisted WRA in designing an approach to measure the short- and long-term results of WRA's advocacy efforts.Expert rating instruments have been widely used since 1970s to track country-level program efforts focusing on family planning, maternal and neonatal health, and HIV/AIDS.

Mortality in Iraq associated with the 2003-2011 war and occupation: findings from a national cluster sample survey by the university collaborative Iraq Mortality Study.

Background: Previous estimates of mortality in Iraq attributable to the 2003 invasion have been heterogeneous and controversial, and none were produced after 2006. The purpose of this research was to estimate direct and indirect deaths attributable to the war in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.

Methods And Findings: We conducted a survey of 2,000 randomly selected households throughout Iraq, using a two-stage cluster sampling method to ensure the sample of households was nationally representative.

Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

Background: Estimation of the number and rate of deaths by age and sex is a key first stage for calculation of the burden of disease in order to constrain estimates of cause-specific mortality and to measure premature mortality in populations. We aimed to estimate life tables and annual numbers of deaths for 187 countries from 1970 to 2010.

Methods: We estimated trends in under-5 mortality rate (children aged 0-4 years) and probability of adult death (15-59 years) for each country with all available data.

A two-stage cluster sampling method using gridded population data, a GIS, and Google Earth(TM) imagery in a population-based mortality survey in Iraq.

Background: Mortality estimates can measure and monitor the impacts of conflict on a population, guide humanitarian efforts, and help to better understand the public health impacts of conflict. Vital statistics registration and surveillance systems are rarely functional in conflict settings, posing a challenge of estimating mortality using retrospective population-based surveys.

Results: We present a two-stage cluster sampling method for application in population-based mortality surveys.

National and subnational mortality effects of metabolic risk factors and smoking in Iran: a comparative risk assessment.

Background: Mortality from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases has increased in Iran. Our aim was to estimate the effects of smoking and high systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), and high body mass index (BMI) on mortality and life expectancy, nationally and subnationally, using representative data and comparable methods.

Methods: We used data from the Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance Survey to estimate means and standard deviations for the metabolic risk factors, nationally and by region.

Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4.

Background: Previous assessments have highlighted that less than a quarter of countries are on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which calls for a two-thirds reduction in mortality in children younger than 5 years between 1990 and 2015. In view of policy initiatives and investments made since 2000, it is important to see if there is acceleration towards the MDG 4 target. We assessed levels and trends in child mortality for 187 countries from 1970 to 2010.

Worldwide mortality in men and women aged 15-59 years from 1970 to 2010: a systematic analysis.

Background: Adult deaths are a crucial priority for global health. Causes of adult death are important components of Millennium Development Goals 5 and 6. However, adult mortality has received little policy attention, resources, or monitoring efforts.

Measuring under-five mortality: validation of new low-cost methods.

Background: There has been increasing interest in measuring under-five mortality as a health indicator and as a critical measure of human development. In countries with complete vital registration systems that capture all births and deaths, under-five mortality can be directly calculated. In the absence of a complete vital registration system, however, child mortality must be estimated using surveys that ask women to report the births and deaths of their children.

Measuring adult mortality using sibling survival: a new analytical method and new results for 44 countries, 1974-2006.

Background: For several decades, global public health efforts have focused on the development and application of disease control programs to improve child survival in developing populations. The need to reliably monitor the impact of such intervention programs in countries has led to significant advances in demographic methods and data sources, particularly with large-scale, cross-national survey programs such as the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Although no comparable effort has been undertaken for adult mortality, the availability of large datasets with information on adult survival from censuses and household surveys offers an important opportunity to dramatically improve our knowledge about levels and trends in adult mortality in countries without good vital registration.

What can we conclude from death registration? Improved methods for evaluating completeness.

Background: One of the fundamental building blocks for determining the burden of disease in populations is to reliably measure the level and pattern of mortality by age and sex. Where well-functioning registration systems exist, this task is relatively straightforward. Results from many civil registration systems, however, remain uncertain because of a lack of confidence in the completeness of death registration.

Maternal and child health and neighborhood context: the selection and construction of area-level variables.

Background: Increasingly, maternal and child health researchers are employing the statistical approach of multilevel modeling analysis to simultaneously examine the relationship between contextual and individual determinants and maternal and child health outcomes. This review addresses the following questions: (1) What categories of neighborhood characteristics have been addressed? (2) How were those neighborhood characteristics operationalized?

Methods: A literature review identified 31 relevant articles published between January 1999 and March 2004. The articles were read with special attention toward the measurement of neighborhood characteristics.

Adipocytic proportion of bone marrow is inversely related to bone formation in osteoporosis.

Aims: Preliminary studies have suggested that there is an increase in adipocytic tissue in osteoporotic (OP) bone, supporting in vitro evidence for a switch in differentiation of stromal cells from the osteoblastic to the adipocytic lineage. To investigate this the variation of the ratio of adipose tissue to haemopoietic/stromal tissue in OP bone was measured.

Methods: The ratio of adipocytic to haemopoietic/stromal tissue (A/H) was measured by semi-automated image analysis in iliac crest biopsies from 127 patients with osteoporosis (84 female patients, 48 male patients; mean age, 55 years; range, 5-80).

Women's perceptions of iron deficiency and anemia prevention and control in eight developing countries.

The World Health Organization estimates that 58% of pregnant women in developing countries are anemic. In spite of the fact that most ministries of health in developing countries have policies to provide pregnant women with iron in a supplement form, maternal anemia prevalence has not declined significantly where large-scale programs have been evaluated. During the period 1991-98, the MotherCare Project and its partners conducted qualitative research to determine the major barriers and facilitators of iron supplementation programs for pregnant women in eight developing countries.

Prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency in three trimesters in Rural Vellore district, South India.

A multistage sampling technique was used to select 845 pregnant women from two blocks in Vellore district. Haematological measurement of haemoglobin (Hb) was done on all women and serum ferritin (SF) on a subsample of 445. The prevalence of anaemia (Hb <11 g/dl) was 56.

Maternal anaemia: a persistent problem in rural Tamil Nadu.

Background: The incidence of maternal anaemia continues to be high (over 70%) in India in spite of a major nationwide intervention programme. This study was carried out in June 1996 on a representative sample of pregnant women from K.V.

Can iron status be improved in each of the three trimesters? A community-based study.

Objective: Intervention with iron supplementation, deworming, and information, education and communication (IEC) to improve the haematological status among each of the three trimesters of pregnant women in a rural community.

Design: A community-based study was carried out using a two-group pre-post experimental design in a rural community.

Setting: Two rural blocks in Vellore district were selected for the study.

Is knowledge of leprosy adequate among teachers? A comparative study.

A cross-sectional comparative study on the levels of knowledge and attitude on leprosy among teachers and students was carried out in a rural area of Vellore district in Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 30 teachers and 120 students participated in the study. It was found that knowledge about leprosy among teachers was inadequate.