NF-κB signaling induces inductive expression of the downstream molecules and IgD gene in the freshwater carp, .

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immune system act as primary sensors in detecting the microbial components and activate their signaling cascades to induce NF-κB (nuclear factor NF-κB) towards the augmentation of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. To gain insights into the efficacy of NF-κB pathway in immunoglobulin D (IgD) synthesis in the Indian Major Carp cloning and sequencing of TLR-signaling downstream molecules [TRAF3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 3), NEMO (nuclear factor-kappa B essential modulator), NF-κB and BAFF (B cell activating factor)] were performed by infecting the fish with pathogens. mRNA expression analysis of the downstream molecules and IgD showed significant up-regulation of these genes in kidney ( ≤ 0.

Cloning and identification of antimicrobial peptide, hepcidin from freshwater carp, on pathogen challenge and PAMPs stimulation.

Hepcidin, a cationic cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide (AMP) acts in hormone regulation and iron homeostasis in the host body. However, the biological property of hepcidin in immune reaction remains unexplored. In aquatic milieu, environmental and pathogenic stressors cause detrimental infections, which are defended by various immunological cells and antimicrobial peptides.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of MHCI and chemokines CXCR3 and CXCR4 gene from freshwater carp, Catla catla.

The immune system with large number of molecules protects the host against a plethora of continuously evolving microbes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules serve as cardinal elements of the adaptive immune system responsible for the activation of the adaptive immunity in the host. The present study reports MHCI molecule in freshwater carp, Catla catla, and its differential expression in immunologically relevant tissues post-infection with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Toll like receptor induces Ig synthesis in Catla catla by activating MAPK and NF-κB signalling.

The molecular crosstalk of proximal innate immune receptor signaling mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is crucial in generating an adaptive immune response. The extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK) participate in propagating intracellular signals initiated by stimulated TLRs to transcription factors eliciting cytokine release. Although ERK signaling has been extensively studied in mammalian counterparts, very little is known about its existence in carps and its role in augmentation of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis.

Diversity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) Isotypes and the Role of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) in Fish.

The disparate diversity in immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire has been a subject of fascination since the emergence of prototypic adaptive immune system in vertebrates. The carboxy terminus region of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been well established in tetrapod lineage and is crucial for its function in class switch recombination (CSR) event of Ig diversification. The absence of CSR in the paraphyletic group of fish is probably due to changes in catalytic domain of AID and lack of cis-elements in IgH locus.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of immunoglobulin D on pathogen challenge and pathogen associated molecular patterns stimulation in freshwater carp, Catla catla.

The primordial immunoglobulin class, IgD, was the first non-IgM isotype discovered in teleosts. The crucial roles of IgM and IgZ in imparting systemic and mucosal immunity, respectively, in various fish species have been widely established. However, the putative function of a unique IgD isotype during pathogenic invasions has not been well explored.

Disruption of the quorum sensing regulated pathogenic traits of the biofilm-forming fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila by tannic acid, a potent quorum quencher.

The quorum sensing (QS) phenomenon regulates a myriad of pathogenic traits in the biofilm forming fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Blocking the QS mechanism of A. hydrophila is a novel strategy to prevent disease in fish.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) D in Labeo rohita is widely expressed and differentially modulated in viral, bacterial and parasitic antigenic challenges.

Immunoglobulins (Igs) play critical roles in protecting host against diverse pathogenic invasion and diseases. Among all Ig isotypes, IgD is the most recently-evolved and enigmatic molecule detected in all vertebrates species except birds. In South-East Asia, Labeo rohita (rohu) is the leading candidate fish species for freshwater aquaculture, and this article describes about IgD gene expression in rohu following viral, bacterial and parasitic antigenic challenges.

B cell activating factor is induced by toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor-ligands and plays critical role in IgM synthesis in Labeo rohita.

B-cell activating factor (BAFF), an important member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, plays critical roles in the modulation of B-cell functions and enhancement of immune response in the host. Like higher vertebrates, the important role of BAFF in boosting immune response against diverse pathogens was also envisaged in fishes. We therefore, studied BAFF in rohu (Labeo rohita), a freshwater food fish species of highest economic importance in the Indian subcontinent.

Molecular cloning of IgZ heavy chain isotype in Catla catla and comparative expression profile of IgZ and IgM following pathogenic infection.

Immunoglobulins serve as a crucial arm of the adaptive immune system against detrimental pathogenic threats in teleosts. However, whether the novel Ig isotype IgZ is present in the Indian major carp, Catla catla, has not yet been elucidated. The present study reports the presence of IgZ ortholog in C.

Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuates Aeromonas hydrophila induced cytotoxicity in catla thymus macrophages by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation.

The pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila, a potent fish pathogen, is attributed to its ability to cause motile aeromonad septicaemia leading to apoptosis in a myriad of fish species, including freshwater carp Catla catla. However, the underlying mechanism of antagonistic activity of probiotics against A. hydrophila induced apoptosis is not elucidated due to lack of appropriate in-vitro models.