Timing of surgery for complete proximal hamstring avulsion injuries: successful clinical outcomes at 6 weeks, 6 months, and after 6 months of injury.

Background: Avulsion of the proximal hamstring origin is well documented, and surgical treatment is advocated for complete avulsions.

Purpose: To compare the return to preinjury level of sport and the complexity of surgery in athletes undergoing surgical intervention for complete proximal hamstring avulsions within 6 weeks, 6 months, and after 6 months of injury.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Modeling and convergence analysis of distributed coevolutionary algorithms.

A theoretical foundation is presented for modeling and convergence analysis of a class of distributed coevolutionary algorithms applied to optimization problems in which the variables are partitioned among p nodes. An evolutionary algorithm at each of the p nodes performs a local evolutionary search based on its own set of primary variables, and the secondary variable set at each node is clamped during this phase. An infrequent intercommunication between the nodes updates the secondary variables at each node.