Hazelnut Shells as Source of Active Ingredients: Extracts Preparation and Characterization.

Hazelnut shells represent a waste material (about 42% of the total biomass) deriving from hazelnut harvest. These are mainly used as a heating source; however, they represent an interesting source of polyphenols useful in health field. The impact on phenolic profile and concentrations of hazelnut shell extracts obtained by three extraction methods (maceration, ultrasonic bath, and high-power ultrasonic), as well as temperature, extraction time, and preventive maceration, was studied.

Emulgel Loaded with Flaxseed Extracts as New Therapeutic Approach in Wound Treatment.

Dry (D.E.) and liquid (L.

An open-label, 12-week clinical and sleep EEG study of nefazodone in chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background: We examined the effects of nefazodone on polysomnographic sleep measures and subjective reports of sleep quality and nightmares. as well as other symptoms, in patients with chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during a 12-week, open-label clinical trial. To our knowledge, this is the first polysomnographic study of treatment in patients with PTSD.

A preliminary evaluation of the potential usefulness of the diagnoses of polysubstance dependence.

Objective: The concept of polysubstance dependence (PD) has been defined several ways over the years. However, few clinicians and researchers appear to use this label in a manner consistent with any of the major diagnostic manuals. This article evaluates the prevalence and characteristics associated with PD in participants in a large collaborative study.

Sleep and sleep electroencephalogram in depressed patients treated with phenelzine.

Background: The beneficial effect of antidepressant interventions has been proposed to depend on suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or inhibition of electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) in non-REM sleep. Use of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine sulfate can eliminate REM sleep. We studied the relation between REM sleep suppression and antidepressant response and the effect of phenelzine therapy on sleep EEG power spectra.

Clinical characteristics and family histories of alcoholics with stimulant dependence.

Objective: While much is known about the clinical patterns and family histories of individuals with alcoholism or stimulant (cocaine and amphetamine) dependence, there are few data that describe men and women with concomitant alcohol and stimulant dependence.

Method: As part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, structured interviews were administered to 3,882 (2,432 male) DSM-III-R defined alcohol and/or stimulant dependent subjects. The characteristics and family histories of four groups were compared: Group 1 (26%), with the onset of alcohol before stimulant dependence; Group 2 (10%), with alcohol dependence simultaneously with or after stimulant dependence; Group 3 (58%), with alcohol dependence only; Group 4 (6%), with stimulant dependence only.

Clinical correlates of cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence in alcohol-dependent men and women. The Collaborative Study Group on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

This paper examines the clinical characteristics associated with tobacco use and nicotine dependence in a large sample of alcohol-dependent subjects. The goal was to determine if the characteristics of the alcohol use history were associated with the smoking status, even after controlling for additional characteristics, such as the antisocial personality disorder, other drug dependence and gender. As part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, a semi-structured interview, including a detailed history of alcohol and tobacco use, was administered to 1005 alcohol-dependent men and women, made up of 658 (65.

Clinical characteristics of alcoholism in alcohol-dependent subjects with and without a history of alcohol treatment.

Background: Most clinical alcohol research is carried out on alcoholics who are in treatment, usually inpatients. However, most alcohol-dependent men and women never enter treatment, and even fewer ever receive inpatient care. Thus, some generally accepted data on the clinical course of alcoholism, derived from treatment samples, might not generalize to the entire population of alcohol-dependent individuals.

Alcohol-induced depersonalization.

Background: A case of alcohol-induced depersonalization disorder is presented. The subject had experienced several depersonalization states following the consumption of alcohol rather than from a psychogenic etiology, and the episodes were transient, not chronic.

Methods: Three quantitative EEG (QEEG) studies were performed on the subject, one during the index depersonalization episode and two subsequent studies when the subject was clinically asymptomatic.

Alcohol dependence and mood disorders.

This article explores the complex relationships between alcohol dependence and mood disorders. Although many alcoholics present with substance-induced depressions, once appropriate methodological controls are used, there does not appear to be a significant relationship between independent unipolar depression and alcohol dependence. However, the data support a small, but significant, relationship between bipolar manic-depressive disease and alcoholism.

The expression of bipolar affective disorders in brain injured patients.

Objective: A prospective study was designed to investigate the varied presentations of major affective disorders in patients with organic brain disease.

Method: Patients admitted to our neuropsychiatry service, with affective and behavioral disturbances, and known neurological disorders, were classified, on phenomenological grounds, into the following groups: 1) elated mania; 2) irritable mania; 3) affective lability with periods of irritability, but without other symptoms pathognomonic for mania; and 4) intermittent psychosis with absent or ambiguous mood changes.

Results: A majority of patients in all four groups responded to pharmacotherapy with anti-cycling agents.