Approaches and processes for paediatric chest X-ray classification used in the SHINE TB treatment-shortening trial.

SHINE (Shorter Treatment for Minimal Tuberculosis in Children) was the first Phase 3 paediatric TB treatment-shortening trial. Robust chest X-ray (CXR) classification methods were integral to excluding severe disease for trial eligibility and to retrospectively adjudicating TB status at baseline. We describe and critically evaluate the CXR classification approaches and processes used in the SHINE trial.

Clinical Outcomes in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treated for Nonsevere Tuberculosis in the SHINE Trial.

Background: Children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, CWH) are at high risk of tuberculosis (TB) and face poor outcomes, despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). We evaluated outcomes in CWH and children not living with HIV treated for nonsevere TB in the SHINE trial.

Methods: SHINE was a randomized trial that enrolled children aged <16 years with smear-negative, nonsevere TB who were randomized to receive 4 versus 6 months of TB treatment and followed for 72 weeks.

Externalization of an infected vagus nerve stimulator generator without a break in anti-seizure therapy: a technical note.

Introduction: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a widely used treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. An infection of the VNS generator pocket occurs in 3-8% of cases. Current standard of care requires the removal of the device, antibiotic therapy, and then replacement of the device.

Virological failure among people living with HIV receiving second-line antiretroviral therapy in Pune, India.

Background: The number of people receiving second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased as global access to ART has expanded. Data on the burden and factors associated with second-line ART virologic failure (VF) from India remain limited.

Methods: We conducted cross-sectional viral load (VL) testing among adults (≥ 18 years) who were registered at a publicly funded ART center in western India between 2014 and 2015 and had received second-line ART for at least 6 months.

Predictive value of video alone in diagnosis of epileptic vs paroxysmal nonepileptic events in children.

Objective: Previous studies examined the use of video-based diagnosis and the predictive value of videos for differentiation of epileptic seizures (ES) from paroxysmal nonepileptic events (PNEE) in the adult population. However, there are no such published studies strictly on the pediatric population. Using video-EEG diagnosis as a gold standard, we aimed to determine the diagnostic predictive value of videos of habitual events with or without additional clinical data in differentiating the PNEE from ES in children.

Shorter Treatment for Nonsevere Tuberculosis in African and Indian Children.

Background: Two thirds of children with tuberculosis have nonsevere disease, which may be treatable with a shorter regimen than the current 6-month regimen.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, treatment-shortening, noninferiority trial involving children with nonsevere, symptomatic, presumably drug-susceptible, smear-negative tuberculosis in Uganda, Zambia, South Africa, and India. Children younger than 16 years of age were randomly assigned to 4 months (16 weeks) or 6 months (24 weeks) of standard first-line antituberculosis treatment with pediatric fixed-dose combinations as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization is associated with healthcare utilization and antimicrobial use among inpatients in Pune, India.

Background: Healthcare exposure may increase drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization risk. Nascent antimicrobial stewardship efforts in low- and middle-income countries require setting-specific data. We aimed to evaluate risk factors for inpatient drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization in a resource-limited setting in India.

The association of household fine particulate matter and kerosene with tuberculosis in women and children in Pune, India.

Objectives: Household air pollution (HAP) is a risk factor for respiratory disease, however has yet to be definitively associated with tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to assess the association between HAP and TB.

Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted among adult women and children patients with TB and healthy controls matched on geography, age and sex.

Sources of household air pollution and their association with fine particulate matter in low-income urban homes in India.

Introduction: Household air pollution (HAP) is poorly characterized in low-income urban Indian communities.

Materials And Methods: A questionnaire assessing sources of HAP and 24 h household concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM) were collected in a sample of low-income homes in Pune, India.

Shorter treatment for minimal tuberculosis (TB) in children (SHINE): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) in children is frequently paucibacillary and non-severe forms of pulmonary TB are common. Evidence for tuberculosis treatment in children is largely extrapolated from adult studies. Trials in adults with smear-negative tuberculosis suggest that treatment can be effectively shortened from 6 to 4 months.

Vector-Borne Disease is a Common Cause of Hospitalized Febrile Illness in India.

Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India and other resource-limited settings, yet systematic etiologic characterization of AFI has been limited. We prospectively enrolled adults ( = 970) and children (age 6 months to 12 years, = 755) admitted with fever from the community to Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India, from July 2013 to December 2015. We systematically obtained a standardized clinical history, basic laboratory testing, and microbiologic diagnostics on enrolled participants.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Validity of Self-Report in Low-Income Women and Children in India.

Background: There is limited validation of self-reported measures for secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated the validity of standard self-reported measures among women and children in urban India.

Methods: Structured questionnaires were administered, and household air and hair samples were analyzed for nicotine concentration.

Antibiotic Utilization and the Role of Suspected and Diagnosed Mosquito-borne Illness Among Adults and Children With Acute Febrile Illness in Pune, India.

Background: Antibiotic resistance mechanisms originating in low- and middle- income countries are among the most common worldwide. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in India, the world's largest antibiotic consumer, is crucial to control antimicrobial resistance globally. Limited data describing factors influencing Indian clinicians to start or stop antibiotics are available.

High Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance and Mortality Among Adults and Children With Community-Onset Bacterial Infections in India.

Background: In India, antimicrobial consumption is high, yet systematically collected data on the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of antimicrobial-resistant infections are limited.

Methods: A prospective study of adults and children hospitalized for acute febrile illness was conducted between August 2013 and December 2015. In-hospital outcomes were recorded, and logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of community-onset antimicrobial-resistant infections.

Comparative evaluation of diode laser, stannous fluoride gel, and potassium nitrate gel in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity.

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of diode laser (DL) with stannous fluoride and potassium nitrate gels in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity (DH). Fifty-four subjects, ages 25-45, having 2 adjacent teeth sensitive to air blast stimulation were included. The subjects were divided randomly into 3 groups (n= 18): Group A, subjects treated with DL; Group B, subjects treated with 0.

Comparison of radiovisiography and digital volume tomography to direct surgical measurements in the detection of infrabony defects.

Objectives: To compare the linear measurements of Radiovisiography (RVG) and Digital volume tomography (DVT) to direct surgical measurements in the detection of periodontal infrabony defects.

Study Design: RVG and DVT images were taken prior to periodontal surgery for 28 infrabony periodontal defects. After defect debridement, direct bony defect measurements were made from the cemento enamel junction (CEJ) to the base of the defect (CEJ-BD) and to the alveolar crest (CEJ-AC) with a periodontal probe.