Intraretinal Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To examine intraretinally migrated retinal pigment epithelium cells (iRPECs) in enucleated human eyes with various retinal conditions and corresponding intraretinal hyperreflective bodies (iHRBs) in a large cohort of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in China.

Design: Population-based study and histomorphometric investigation.

Participants: Participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study and enucleated human eyes.

Myopia and Other Refractive Error and Their Relationships to Glaucoma Screening.

Prcis: A large disk, a large parapapillary delta zone and a long axial length may be used as screening criteria to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy in highly myopic eyes.

Purpose: To describe aspects for screening of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in dependence of refractive error, under special consideration of high myopia.

Methods/results: Studies on the anatomy of the myopic optic nerve head and results of investigations on the relationship between glaucomatous optic neuropathy and axial myopia were included.

Myopic Macular Atrophy in the Two-Continent Population-Based Study.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence of Bruch's membrane defects (BMDs) and subretinal proliferations (SRPs) in highly myopic eyes with myopic macular atrophy (myopic macular degeneration [MMD] stage 4) and myopic patchy atrophies (MMD stage 3) in three ethnically different cohorts recruited in a population-based manner.

Methods: The Ural Eye and Medical Study (UEMS) and Beijing Eye Study (BES) included individuals aged 40+ years, and the Ural Very Old Study (UVOS) examined individuals aged 85+ years. Main outcome measures were the prevalence of BMDs and SRPs.

Drusen in the macula and parapapillary region.

Purpose: To examine histological characteristics and differences between drusen beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (small hard drusen) located in the macula and located in the parapapillary region.

Methods: We histomorphometrically examined human eyes enucleated due to uveal melanomas or secondary angle-closure glaucoma.

Results: The study included 106 eyes (age, 62.

Bruch's membrane and Brücke's muscle in the pars plana region.

Purpose: To examine Bruch's membrane (BM) in association with the longitudinal part of the ciliary muscle (LPCM) in the pars plana region.

Methods: Using light microscopy, we histomorphometrically assessed BM and the LPCM in the pars plana region.

Results: The histomorphometric study included 51 eyes (51 patients; mean age: 60.

Prevalence and Associations of Peripheral Arterial Disease in China: The Beijing Eye Study.

Purpose: To explore the prevalence and associations of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in China.

Design: Population-based incidence estimate and cross-sectional study.

Methods: The participants (n=3468) of the Beijing Eye Study underwent a detailed ophthalmologic and systemic examination including assessment of the ankle-brachial index (ABI).

Ciliary body size in chronic angle-closure glaucoma.

To examine the size of the ciliary body stroma (CBS) in dependence of the morphology of the anterior chamber angle in enucleated human eyes, we histomorphometrically examined human enucleated eyes. The study included 107 eyes (with a mean axial length of 25.1 ± 2.

Prevalence and Cause of Loss of Visual Acuity and Visual Field in Highly Myopic Eyes: The Beijing Eye Study.

Purpose: To explore the prevalence and causes of loss of visual acuity and visual field in highly myopic eyes.

Design: Population-based study.

Participants: 4439 subjects of the Beijing Eye Study underwent ophthalmological and systemic examinations including frequency doubling technology perimetry.

Choriocapillaris, Photoreceptors, and Inner Retinal Layer in Spatial Relationship to Parapapillary Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Zones.

Purpose: To examine the spatial relationships between the retinal inner nuclear layer (INL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer, Bruch's membrane (BM), and choriocapillaris in the parapapillary region.

Methods: Human eyes enucleated due to uveal melanomas or secondary angle-closure glaucoma were histomorphometrically examined. We compared the tissue dimensions between four groups of eyes categorized based on the presence/absence of high myopia and glaucoma.

Parapapillary drusen of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Purpose: To describe the occurrence, morphology and associations of parapapillary drusen of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE-drusen).

Methods: Using light microscopy, we histomorphometrically examined enucleated human eyes.

Results: The study included 83 eyes (axial length: 25.

Myopic Versus Glaucomatous Parapapillary Beta Zone in Myopic Eyes Versus Eyes With Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucoma.

Purpose: To search for histologic differences in the beta zone between myopic eyes versus eyes with secondary angle-closure glaucoma.

Methods: The histomorphometric study consisted of human eyes enucleated due to uveal melanomas or secondary angle-closure glaucoma.

Results: The study included 100 eyes (age: 62.

Anatomic Peculiarities Associated with Axial Elongation of the Myopic Eye.

Purpose: To describe anatomical peculiarities associated with axial elongation in the human myopic eye.

Methods: Reviewing the results of previous histomorphometrical investigations of enucleated human globes, as well as reviewing findings obtained in population-based studies and hospital-based clinical investigations of myopic patients and non-myopic individuals.

Results: Myopic axial elongation is associated with a change from a mostly spherical eye shape to a prolate ellipsoid form.

Myopic macular Bruch's membrane defects.

Purpose: To examine histologic characteristics of macular Bruchś membrane defects (BMD) in axially elongated eyes.

Design: Histomorphometric study.

Methods: Using light microscopy, we examined enucleated human globes for BMDs.

Myopia: Histology, clinical features, and potential implications for the etiology of axial elongation.

Myopic axial elongation is associated with various non-pathological changes. These include a decrease in photoreceptor cell and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell density and retinal layer thickness, mainly in the retro-equatorial to equatorial regions; choroidal and scleral thinning pronounced at the posterior pole and least marked at the ora serrata; and a shift in Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) occurring in moderately myopic eyes and typically in the temporal/inferior direction. The BMO shift leads to an overhang of Bruch's membrane (BM) into the nasal intrapapillary compartment and BM absence in the temporal region (i.

Inner limiting membrane bridges within Bruch's membrane defects in pathological myopia.

The purpose of the study was to examine peculiarities of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in axially elongated eyes. The histomorphometric study included human globes enucleated due to reasons such as painful secondary angle-closure glaucoma or malignant uveal melanomas. Using light microscopy, we searched for regions with ILM-specific features in association with a marked axial elongation.

Photoreceptor density in relation to axial length and retinal location in human eyes.

The purpose of the study was to examine the density of retinal photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in relation to myopic axial elongation in human eyes. Using light microscopy, we assessed the density of photoreceptors and RPE cells at the ora serrata, equator, and midperiphery (equator/posterior pole midpoint), and the RPE cell density additionally at the posterior pole, in enucleated human globes. The study included 78 eyes (mean age: 59.

Elongation of the Retina and Ciliary Body in Dependence of the Sagittal Eye Diameter.

Purpose: To examine the elongation of the retina and ciliary body in relation to myopic axial elongation.

Methods: Using light microscopy, we histomorphometrically measured in enucleated human globes the length of the retina from the ora serrata to the optic disc borders. The total retinal length was the mean of the retinal length measurements obtained on both sides of the optic disc.

Progression and associated factors of lacquer cracks/patchy atrophies in high myopia: the Beijing Eye Study 2001-2011.

Purpose: To assess the development and progression of lacquer cracks/patchy atrophies (LCs/PAs) in high myopia.

Methods: The case control study included highly myopic eyes (refractive error ≤  - 6.0 diopters), examined in the population-based Beijing Eye Study 2001/2011.

Parapapillary gamma zone enlargement in a 10-year follow-up: the Beijing Eye Study 2001-2011.

Purpose: To assess prevalence and associated factors of parapapillary gamma zone enlargement (GZE).

Methods: Using fundus photographs and optical coherence tomographic images of participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study, we examined gamma zone changes in a 10-year follow-up.

Results: The study included 89 highly myopic eyes (61 participants; age: 65.

Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in association with gamma zone width and disc-fovea distance.

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness as surrogate of the optic nerve decreases with longer axial length. We explored which explanatory parameters might explain that association.

Methods: Participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 without any retinal or optic nerve disease were selected based on a refractive error-based stratified randomization.

Decreasing myopic lacquer crack and widening parapapillary gamma zone: case report.

Background: Myopic axial elongation may be due to an equatorial enlargement of Bruch's membrane (BM), leading to a prolate eye shape and increasing strain with BM and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer at the posterior pole. The increased BM strain may cause an enlargement of Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) of the optic nerve head, with the subsequent development and enlargement of parapapillary gamma zone as BM-free parapapillary zone. The increased strain within BM and RPE may also cause lacquer cracks (LCs) as linear breaks in the RPE and / or BM.

Histology of neovascular myopic macular degeneration.

To assess the histological correlate of neovascular or exudative myopic macular degeneration (nMMD) in highly myopic human eyes, we examined histomorphometrically histologic sections of enucleated eyes of Caucasian patients. The study included 284 eyes (age: 61.9 ± 13.

Change in the ophthalmoscopical optic disc size and shape in a 10-year follow-up: the Beijing Eye Study 2001-2011.

Background: To assess prevalence and associated factors of changes in the ophthalmoscopic optic disc size and shape.

Methods: The case-control study included all highly myopic eyes (myopic refractive error ≤-6.0 diopters) and a randomly selected group of non-highly myopic eyes, examined in the population-based Beijing Eye Study 2001 and 2011.

Choroidal shift in myopic eyes in the 10-year follow-up Beijing eye study.

The aim of the study was to assess longitudinal changes in the spatial relationship of the choroidal vasculature to retinal vasculature in myopic eyes. In the population-based longitudinal Beijing Eye Study in 2001/2011, we examined all highly myopic eyes with assessable fundus photographs and a randomized group of non-highly myopic. Using fundus photographs, we qualitatively assessed changes in the location of major choroidal vessels in relationship to retinal vessels.