Associations Between Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Anxiety and Depression in the General Population: The Akershus Cardiac Examination 1950 Study.

Objective: Several studies suggest a bidirectional association between inflammation, and anxiety and depression. Elevated inflammatory cytokines generate and aggravate neuroinflammation, which may play a part in developing psychological symptoms. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a novel biomarker possibly reflecting fibrosis and inflammation.