Waterpipe tobacco smoke distresses cardiovascular biomarkers in mice: alterations in protein expression of metalloproteinases, endothelin and myeloperoxidase.

Tobacco use is a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis in particular. The use of waterpipe smoking (WPS) is increasing due to the misperception that it is less harmful than cigarette smoking due to its flavor and the use of water as a filter. Thus, research that investigates toxic effects of WPS is essential.