Application of green mussel () shells hydroxyapatite on osteocalcin levels and osteoblast cells in rabbit femur bone defect.

Background: Bovine hydroxyapatite (HA) used for bone grafts is relatively expensive, necessitating the development of alternative sources. Alternative HA materials derived from green mussel shells with smaller molecular sizes are inexpensive and abundantly available throughout Indonesian waters. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green mussel shells HA on bone healing.