Periodic Table of Immunomodulatory Elements and Derived Two-Dimensional Biomaterials.

Periodic table of chemical elements serves as the foundation of material chemistry, impacting human health in many different ways. It contributes to the creation, growth, and manipulation of functional metallic, ceramic, metalloid, polymeric, and carbon-based materials on and near an atomic scale. Recent nanotechnology advancements have revolutionized the field of biomedical engineering to tackle longstanding clinical challenges.

Immunoengineered MXene nanosystem for mitigation of alloantigen presentation and prevention of transplant vasculopathy.

MXenes are an emerging class of nanomaterials with significant potential for applications in nanomedicine. Amongst MXene technologies, titanium carbide (TiCT) nanomaterials are the most mature and have received significant attention to tackle longstanding clinical challenges due to its tailored physical and material properties. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is an aggressive form of atherosclerosis and a major cause of mortality among patients with heart transplants.

Low Dose of Ti C MXene Quantum Dots Mitigate SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

MXene QDs (MQDs) have been effectively used in several fields of biomedical research. Considering the role of hyperactivation of immune system in infectious diseases, especially in COVID-19, MQDs stand as a potential candidate as a nanotherapeutic against viral infections. However, the efficacy of MQDs against SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been tested yet.

Conversion of 2D MXene to Multi-Low-Dimensional GerMXene Superlattice Heterostructure.

Integration of 2D structures into other low-dimensional materials results in the development of distinct van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHSs) with enhanced properties. However, obtaining 2D-1D-0D vdWHSs of technologically useful next generation materials, transition-metal carbide MXene and monoelemental Xene nanosheets in a single superlattice heterostructure is still challenging. Here, the fabrication of a new multidimensional superlattice heterostructure "GerMXene" from exfoliated MXT MXene and hydrogenated germanane (GeH) crystals, is reported.

Development of Fluorine-Free Tantalum Carbide MXene Hybrid Structure as a Biocompatible Material for Supercapacitor Electrodes.

The application of nontoxic 2D transition-metal carbides (MXenes) has recently gained ground in bioelectronics. In group-4 transition metals, tantalum possesses enhanced biological and physical properties compared to other MXene counterparts. However, the application of tantalum carbide for bioelectrodes has not yet been explored.

Fabrication of Smart Tantalum Carbide MXene Quantum Dots with Intrinsic Immunomodulatory Properties for Treatment of Allograft Vasculopathy.

MXene nanomaterials have sparked significant interest among interdisciplinary researchers to tackle today's medical challenges. In particular, colloidal MXene quantum dots (MQDs) offer the high specific surface area and compositional flexibility of MXene while providing improvements to aqueous stability and material-cell interactions. The current study for the first time reports the development and application of immunoengineered tantalum-carbide (TaCT ) MQDs for in vivo treatment of transplant vasculopathy.

Carbon nanomaterials for cardiovascular theranostics: Promises and challenges.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart attack and stroke cause irreversible tissue damage. The currently available treatment options are limited to "damage-control" rather than tissue repair.

Hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of mesenchymal stem cells.

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunoprivileged and are being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials to treat different degenerative and autoimmune diseases. In spite of encouraging outcome of initial trials, the long-term poor survival of transplanted cells in the host tissue has declined the overall enthusiasm. Recent analyses of allogeneic MSCs based studies confirm that after transplantation in the hypoxic or ischemic microenvironment of diseased tissues, MSCs become immunogenic and are rejected by recipient immune system.

Sweet-MXene hydrogel with mixed-dimensional components for biomedical applications.

Biodegradable hydrogels are promising extracellular matrix-like materials for biomedical applications due to their high compatibility, ease of administration and minimal invasion. The injectable hydrogels to be considered for regenerative therapies should mimic the intrinsic properties of tissues, i.e.

Application of Ti C MXene Quantum Dots for Immunomodulation and Regenerative Medicine.

Inflammation is tightly linked to tissue injury. In regenerative medicine, immune activation plays a key role in rejection of transplanted stem cells and reduces the efficacy of stem cell therapies. Next-generation smart biomaterials are reported to possess multiple biologic properties for tissue repair.

Promoting Role of MXene Nanosheets in Biomedical Sciences: Therapeutic and Biosensing Innovations.

MXene nanosheets have emerged as biocompatible transition metal structures, which illustrate desirable performance for various applications due to their unique structural, physicochemical, and compositional features. MXenes are currently expanding their usage territory from mechanical, optical, chemical, and electronic fields toward biomedical areas. This is mainly originated from their large surface area and strong absorbance in near-infrared region, which in combination with their facile surface functionalization with various polymers or nanoparticles, make them promising nanoplatforms for drug delivery, cancer therapy, precise biosensing and bioimaging.

Antibacterial biocompatible arginine functionalized mono-layer graphene: No more risk of silver toxicity.

Antibacterial ability is vital in biological approaches as well as functional biomaterials. Besides, cytocompatibility aspect of biologic media, tissue and organs is always concern for appropriate synthesis. From the past, metallic/oxide phases of silver (Ag) material in various macro, micro or nano configurations have been widely used for antibacterial targets.

Toward improved mechanical, tribological, corrosion and in-vitro bioactivity properties of mixed oxide nanotubes on Ti-6Al-7Nb implant using multi-objective PSO.

Recently, the robust optimization and prediction models have been highly noticed in district of surface engineering and coating techniques to obtain the highest possible output values through least trial and error experiments. Besides, due to necessity of finding the optimum value of dependent variables, the multi-objective metaheuristic models have been proposed to optimize various processes. Herein, oriented mixed oxide nanotubular arrays were grown on Ti-6Al-7Nb (Ti67) implant using physical vapor deposition magnetron sputtering (PVDMS) designed by Taguchi and following electrochemical anodization.

GEP-based method to formulate adhesion strength and hardness of Nb PVD coated on Ti-6Al-7Nb aimed at developing mixed oxide nanotubular arrays.

PVD process as a thin film coating method is highly applicable for both metallic and ceramic materials, which is faced with the necessity of choosing the correct parameters to achieve optimal results. In the present study, a GEP-based model for the first time was proposed as a safe and accurate method to predict the adhesion strength and hardness of the Nb PVD coated aimed at growing the mixed oxide nanotubular arrays on Ti67. Here, the training and testing analysis were executed for both adhesion strength and hardness.

Surface characterization and corrosion behavior of calcium phosphate-base composite layer on titanium and its alloys via plasma electrolytic oxidation: A review paper.

In recent years, calcium phosphate-base composites, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbonate apatite (CA) have been considered desirable and biocompatible coating layers in clinical and biomedical applications such as implants because of the high resistance of the composites. This review focuses on the effects of voltage, time and electrolytes on a calcium phosphate-base composite layer in case of pure titanium and other biomedical grade titanium alloys via the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method. Remarkably, these parameters changed the structure, morphology, pH, thickness and crystallinity of the obtained coating for various engineering and biomedical applications.